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Behaviorism is a school of thought that was there long before Skinner, championed by psychologists like John Watson, for instance.
行为主义学派,远在斯金纳提出他的理论之前就已经存在，受到了众多心理学家的拥护,比如约翰·华生。
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For one thing, it has given us a richer understanding of certain learning mechanisms, particularly with regard to nonhumans.
一方面，行为主义使得我们能够,更加全面的理解某些学习机制，特别是非人类的学习机制。
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In other words, only if we really are sure that the historicist act of reading is effective and works, if I know the meaning of a text. Well, fine.
换言之，要是我们确定,阅读这个历史主义行为是有效的，有用的，如果我知道文本的意思，那么，很好。
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Consequentialist moral reasoning locates morality in the consequences of an act, in the state of the world that will result from the thing you do.
后果主义道德推理,认为是否道德取决于行为的后果，取决于你的行为对外界所造成的影响。
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Behaviorism looks at the human entity, at the person as basically a collection of behaviors as a box, like a billiard ball knocked around by reinforcements, by punishment, by reward.
行为主义认为人的主体性，认为人是一个行为集合，就像一只被击打而四处滚动的台球，被增强，奖惩驱动。
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I would argue that there is a direct line from the Enlightenment philosophy to nihilism, that is to say a philosophy that says there are no limits to what human beings may do.
我得说启蒙哲学和虚无主义哲学,还是泾渭分明的,虚无主义者认为,人类的行为是没有限制的
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Here's how to-- Just like we can explain in materialist, physicalist terms how to get desires and beliefs and the behavioral stuff down, here's how to get the feeling, qualitative aspect of things down, too."
然后,如何如何,正如我们可以从唯物主义,物理主义的角度解释如何得到欲望,信念,以及行为层面的东西,我们也可以解释如何得到感觉,定性方面的感觉
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And sociologically in the 1960s and 1970s, in the United States, behaviorism was incredibly well known and so was Skinner.
在上世纪60到70年代之间的美国社会，行为主义极为盛行,斯金纳也得以名声大噪。
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And then, I want to turn to objections to behaviorism but these three principles are powerful and very interesting.
之后，我还想讲讲对行为主义的反对,但这三个原则是非常重要的,也是很有意思的。
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As far as I know, Skinner and Skinnerian psychologists were never directly involved in the creation of prisons.
据我所知，斯金纳和斯金纳行为主义心理学家们,从未直接参与过监狱的创建。
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The strong view of behaviorism is everything you know, everything you are, is the result of experience.
行为主义的观点认为,你的知识，你的一切，都是经验的产物。
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And in that regard, as well as in other regards, it stands as an important contribution.
从这个方面以及其他的方面来看，行为主义的贡献是非常巨大的。
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And it also brings us back to the lecture on behaviorism where we talked about classical conditioning and different theories of what people are afraid of.
这把我们带回到行为主义讲座中,我们谈论经典条件型反射,及人们害怕的不同理论。
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And I want to focus particularly on emotions that generate kind or altruistic behavior.
我想特别讲解能让人产生善意,利他主义行为的情感。
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Now, at the core of behaviorism are three extremely radical and interesting views.
言归正传，行为主义的核心,由三个非常极端又很有趣的观点组成。
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And I want to talk about psychoanalysis today and behaviorism next week.
今天我们先来讲讲精神分析理论,下周再谈行为主义理论。
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He argued for the notions of operant conditioning to be extended to everyday life and argued that people's lives would become fuller and more satisfying if they were controlled in a properly behaviorist way.
他认为我们应当,将众多操作性条件作用的概念,应用于日常生活之中,他还认为，如果能够以行为主义者眼中,恰当的方式来控制人们的行为,那么人们便会拥有更加充实美满的生活。
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Because the first force was behaviorism.
因为第一势力是行为主义。
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First it is a reaction to behaviorism.
首先是对行为主义的异议。
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and this is something I'm going to return to on Wednesday actually, behaviorists have provided powerful techniques for training, particularly for nonverbal creatures.
实际上我周三的时候会来讲讲这个，行为主义者们发明了,在训练非言语生物方面，非常有效的训练技术。
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And, to some extent, these have been shaped by an adherence to behaviorist principles.
从某种程度上说，这些制度就是根据行为主义原则而建立的。
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So a behaviorist story about fetishes, for instance, is it's straightforward classical conditioning.
比如行为主义者对恋物癖的一种解释就是，恋物癖是简单的经典条件作用的结果。
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Now, remember from behaviorism the baby will learn this isn't very interesting.
根据行为主义,婴儿会觉得这东西没什么意思
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So, behaviorism as a dominant intellectual field has faded, but it still leaves behind an important legacy and it still stands as one of the major contributions of twentieth century psychology.
虽然行为主义的统治地位已经不复存在，但它仍留给了我们许多重要的遗产,行为主义也仍然是,二十世纪心理学发展的主要贡献之一。
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So, here are the three general positions of behaviorism.
这是行为主义的三个基本观点。
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And that's a lot of what they did.
这也是行为主义者的常用研究方法。
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And stimulus generalization is the topic of one of your articles in The Norton Reader, the one by Watson, John Watson, the famous behaviorist, who reported a bizarre experiment with a baby known as Little Albert.
刺激泛化是,《诺顿读本》中一篇文章的主题，作者为约翰·华生，著名的行为主义者，他记述了一项奇怪的实验,对象则是一名叫做小阿尔伯特的婴儿。
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And from a behaviorist point of view this is because of the associative history of these things.
在行为主义者看来,这是在这些事物之间的联结历史造成的。
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Remember behaviorists were entirely comfortable studying animals and drawing extrapolations to other animals and to humans.
大家都还记得，行为主义者研究动物,然后去推断其他动物以及人类。
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And through this way behaviorists have developed token economies where they get nonhuman animals to do interesting things for seemingly arbitrary rewards like poker chips.
通过这种方式,行为主义者们发明了代币法,他们用一种特定的类似于扑克筹码的奖励,来训练非人类动物。
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