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It's as if his knowledge of his own conception, his own birth, his own babyhood, is a natural knowledge.
好像他很自然地知道自己是胚胎时的故事，知道自己如何出生以及自己的童年。
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stem cell research can go on without the ethical dilemma provided by killing embryos.
干细胞研究者可以免受由于杀死胚胎而带来的道德困境。
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That's why people are so excited about embryonic stem cells because in nature they become all the cells of the body.
这就是为什么胚胎干细胞如此让人激动,因为它的天然功能就是变成所有身体细胞
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The way we did this was to coax embryonic stem cells first to develop into the surface layer.
我们是这么做的,先诱导胚胎干细胞,发育成外胚层。
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And unfortunately, in order to get those stem cells, that requires killing the embryo.
而不幸的是，要想得到这些干细胞，就需要杀死胚胎。
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But if you wanted to know it You could, you would look at development and you'd watch the embryological development of a zebra and that's how you would learn the answer to your question.
但如果你想要知道答案,你就应当去观察斑马的发育过程,观察斑马的胚胎发育,这就是寻找该问题答案的方法
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What's shown in this diagram is the progress of the developing embryo as it travels in time, down the fallopian tube.
这张图上显示的,就是胚胎发育的过程,是按照它在输卵管中移动的时间排序的
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For example, that embryo that I showed on one of the first slides where there's clearly a head region and a tail region.
比如我在第一张幻灯片里展示的那种胚胎,已经有了明显的头部和尾部
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Who took a ball, the vesicle, and he transplanted from the embryo, the ear region, to a limb.
他从胚胎的耳朵部分中,取出一个泡囊移植到腕部。
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Easiest to find them in embryos but sometimes they can be found in adult organisms as well.
它们在胚胎中最容易被找到,但有时在成人的机体中也能找到
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There's a change in sort of the shape of the overall embryo as well.
与此同时,胚胎的外形,也有一定程度的变化
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It's this - its cells in this region here, this inner cell mass that that's the source of embryonic stem cells, cells from inner cell mass here.
就是这个,在这片区域的胚胎细胞,即内细胞群,而胚胎干细胞的来源所在,就是源自这里的内细胞群
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One of the differences in stem cell populations that you will hear about is you hear about embryonic stem cells and you hear about adult stem cells.
干细胞之间的一个区别,你可能听说过的,那就是既有胚胎干细胞,也有成人干细胞
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First is that the ear develops from the surface layer of the embryo.
耳朵是由,胚胎的外胚层发育来了。
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We were looking for the mouse cells the mouse embryonic stem cells that we had coaxed into early ear cells whether they were able to form ear cells.
再来看看那些经诱导,发育成早期耳细胞的,老鼠胚胎干细胞,能否发育成耳细胞。
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There's one division, here it shows it at the 16 cell stage and then here, and this transformation as it goes from 16 cells to more like 64 cells.
这是第一次分裂,这里显示的是十六细胞期,然后在这里,在这里胚胎进一步的产生了变化,由十六个细胞分裂为约六十四个
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The cell divides, and divides, and divides many, many times and that's one of the signature events of embryogenesis until we have many, many cells that make up our bodies.
细胞不断分裂,持续进行,那是胚胎发育中,一个标志性的过程,在那之后,我们就有了许许多多构成我们身体的细胞
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Now I isolated these cells maybe from the head region of the embryo, the region that's going to develop into the brain, so that would be a good place to look if you wanted cells that were going to develop into the brain.
现在我可以从胚胎的头部,分离这些细胞,从就要发育成为大脑的这些部位,这是取得你需要的细胞的绝佳位置,如果你想要发育成大脑的细胞的话
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This process of cell proliferation or cell division is, of course, very important during development of an embryo.
细胞增殖和分裂的过程,在胚胎发育中至关重要
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This surface layer thickens at an early stage in a mouse after 8 days of development.
发育8天后，老鼠早期胚胎的,外胚层开始增厚。
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It's this group of cells, this subset of cells from the developing embryo that become the embryo, that become the organism, become the human.
这一组细胞,这组发育胚胎中的细胞亚群,发育成胚胎,发育组织,直至发育成整个人体
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To start out I'm going to go back to the thinking about development a little bit, embryonic development, and show you a picture here.
作为这节课的开始,我先稍微回顾一下,一些关于发育过程的内容,先说胚胎发育,这里有张图
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During development of the embryo it goes from being a single cell, the fertilized egg, to being a multi-cellular organism with billions of cells in it.
胚胎的发育,始于一个单一细胞,即受精卵,直到形成一个以十亿计数量的细胞构成的,多细胞有机体
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Further down this line here are embryonic or let's say adult brain stem cells.
沿着这条线再往后一些就是胚胎,或者就说是成人脑中的干细胞吧
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As we've found cells from adult organisms that seem to be multipotential and studied them more carefully, some of their potentials turn out to be lost, they're not exactly the same.
因为我们在成人机体中找到,这些看上去是多能干细胞的细胞后,仔细研究后发现它们的一些潜能已经丢失,和胚胎中的那些并不一样
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Further down the line, for example, in the blastocyst I talked about before, we could obtain cells from this inner cell mass or this cluster of cells that becomes the embryo.
沿着这条线看,举个例子,就是我之前提到过的囊胚,我们可以取一些内细胞群的细胞,这种能成为胚胎的细胞群
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This one cell, this one fertilized cell which is unique because it's the - its chromosome contains the combination of the sperm and the egg, develops into an embryo and then on birth develops into a human.
这个受精卵,是独一无二的,因为它的染色体,包含了精子和卵子的组合,并由此发育成为一个胚胎,之后形成一个人类个体
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is that the, like the best stem cells come from human embryos.
是因为最好的干细胞来自于人类的胚胎。
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So we needed to come up with another source, a renewable source, so we turned our attention to embryonic stem cells.
因此，我们需要一种替代材料，一种可以再生的材料，我们注意到了胚胎干细胞胚胎干细胞。
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They're controversial, I think for obvious reasons, because you have to sacrifice an embryo in order to get them.
这些研究极富争议,我想原因很明显,因为你必须牺牲一个胚胎来取得干细胞
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