And one thing I want to tell you to start out with is something about this c h 3 group here.
有一点需要告诉大家的是,从这个一个碳原子和三个氢原子的组合开始。
So in addition to having these two carbon bonds, we actually also have four carbon hydrogen bonds in addition to our carbon-carbon bonds.
在这碳碳之间的键以外,我们还有四个碳氢键,除了我们的碳碳键外。
But, if you look more carefully, you will find that this is a blend of three different forms of carbon.
但是,如果你们再认真一点,会发现,它是三种形式的碳的混合物。
Today we're going to talk about the two big ones that people are usually concerned with: carbohydrates and fat.
今天我们将讨论人们关心的两个大问题,碳水化合物和脂肪
The other chain is facing in the other direction, the 3' carbon is up, the 5' carbon is down.
对面的那条单链方向相反,3'位的碳原子向上,5'位的碳原子向下
Again, leaving aside the science, about which I'm sure some of you know more than me here, the issue of carbon emissions is a Prisoners' Dilemma.
抛开科学层面来说,我相信在座的一些同学比我知道的还多,碳排放问题也是个囚徒困境
And lots of people who were chimney sweeps were executed because they had been cleaning chimneys and they had gun-- the equivalent, they had charcoal on their cheeks.
许多被处决的人只是烟囱清扫工,原因只是他们清扫烟囱并且他们有枪,类似枪的东西,他们脸上有碳灰
And because, of course, we have this carbon here what you end up doing is adding a carbon to your molecule.
因为,当然,我们这里有一个碳,接下来需要做的就是在你的分子中再加上一个碳。
So why don't you go ahead and identify the correct electron configuration for carbon, 6 and I'll tell you that z is equal to 6 here.
所以你们为什么不开始,而且识别碳的正确的在你们做作业方面,电子构型,我会告诉你有效电荷量是。
So, shared electrons are the ones that are shared between the carbon and the nitrogen, so we have 6 shared electrons, and we want to take 1/2 of that.
共用电子是那些在碳和氮之间,被它们共用的电子,那么我们有六个共用电子,然后我们要给它乘上二分之一。
92% So its abundance in nature is 98.892%.
这个碳的存在占了总数的98。
And since carbon's electronegativity is higher than that of hydrogen, which you would expect from where carbon lies on the Periodic Table. Think about it.
碳的高于氢的,你也可以从碳在,元素周期表上的位置,判断出来,试想一下。
Fat has twice the calories per unit weight that protein or carbohydrate sugar has, as a consequence, has the greatest survival value.
单位重量中脂肪的热量含量,是蛋白质和碳水化合物的两倍,因此,脂肪才是最能维持生存的物质
They're the magic nutrient books: carbohydrates, fat, whatever it happens to be, that's one theme you could follow.
它们是些神奇的营养学书籍,碳水化合物,脂肪,或者其它东西,都可以成为著书的主题
This blue chain here goes from 5' carbon all along the chain and there's a 3' carbon left open at the bottom.
这条蓝色的链,从5'碳开始一直向下延伸,以3'碳做为链的末端
The word "carbohydrate," as you might imagine, if you ever thought to break it down means the combination of carbon and water.
碳水化合物这个词,如你所想,如果你把它进行拆分的话,就是碳和水的结合物
We talked last time about extracellular matrix and this complex protein-carbohydrate gel that surrounds all cells.
我们上次谈到过的细胞外基质,是一种蛋白和碳水化合物的复合物胶冻,它环绕在细胞周围
It's phosphate, carbon, carbon, carbon, phosphate, carbon, carbon, carbon, phosphate and it has this structure hanging off the side.
就是磷酸基与戊糖的碳反复连接,如此循环往复,这种结构构成了主链的一边
We know that ionization energy is going to increase as we go across the periodic table, so that means carbon has a lower ionization energy than nitrogen which is right next to us.
我们知道电离能会随着周期表,向右而逐渐变大,因此碳的电离能比旁边的氮要低一些,那么就像我说的。
What about sources of protein, that and carbohydrate for you, and how do those look and where are you getting those from?
那蛋白质的来源呢,还有碳水化合物,这些都长什么样,你从何摄入这些元素
These are the pentoses - remember 5' and 3' because that orients you with respect to what direction the molecule is facing.
这些就是戊糖,记住了5'碳和3'碳就能够,帮你确定分子的方向
Benzene is a ring that's made up of six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms.
苯环是一个由六个碳原子,和六个氢原子组成的环。
If we think about bringing in those last two carbons, what you can see is that for every carbon, two of its hybrid orbitals are being used to bond to other carbons.
如果我们考虑引入最后两个碳原子,你会看到的是对于每个碳原子,其中的两个杂化轨道,和另外的碳原子成键。
They'd like to be able to refer to each carbon separately so they can talk about reactions with this molecule, so they number the carbons.
为了在探讨这种大分子的,化学反应时能清楚地,表示每一个碳原子,人们对碳原子进行了编号
So we end up with a formal charge on carbon of negative 1.
因此最终我们得到碳的形式电荷量是负一。
If we have the molecule ethane, then what we're going to have first is our sigma bond that we described between the two carbons.
如果我们有乙烷分子,那我们首先有,碳碳之间的sigma键。
The element is carbon. That is the smallest unit.
那个元素是碳,是最小的单位。
Then the polysaccharides are the complex carbohydrates, and that's starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
多糖则是复杂的碳水化合物,淀粉,糖原,以及纤维素都是多糖
Each of us individually has an incentive to emit carbons as usual.
通常我们每个人都有排碳的动机
You bring iron ore from one part of the planet, carbon, limestone, you put it into this reactor and you ship this all over the world.
你得到钢铁从地球的一个地方,还有碳,石灰岩,将它们放入这个反应器,你将它运送到世界各地。
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