Thermodynamics is asking you, what work does this thing do on the surroundings or the surroundings do on the system?

热力学在问你们，到底是系统对环境做功,还是环境对系统做功？

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

Thermodynamicstalks about equilibrium systems and how to go from one state of equilibrium to another state of equilibrium.

热力学研究的是平衡系统,以及如何,从一个平衡态转变到另一个平衡态。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

And often, if you want to make a lot of it, you have to think about the thermodynamics of the system, how fast the reactions will go and kinetics, and then whether they'll go, the thermodynamics, and sometimes then you need to adjust the reactions, maybe use a transition metal to make it go better.

这种分子就不能正常工作，而且通常来说,如果你要大量生产一个东西,你必须考虑系统的热力学，反应速率和动力学,还有反应是否会发生，热力学，而且有时候你需要调整反应的发生。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

and added a structure of math upon it, to build this edifice, which is a very solid edifice of thermodynamics as a science of equilibrium systems.

了这座热力学的坚固大厦，这是一门，平衡态系统,的科学。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

It turns out that when you're talking about macroscopic properties of matter, you don't need very many variables to describe the system completely thermodynamically.

实际上,当你谈及物质的宏观性质时，你并不需要很多变量才能从热力学上,完整地描述这个系统，’

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

So it applies to macroscopic systems that are in equilibrium, and how to go from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state, and it's entirely empirical in its foundation.

因此，热力学研究的是平衡态的宏观系统,以及如何从,一个平衡态过渡到另一个平衡态，它完全是建立在经验的基础上的。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

If it's an equilibrium system, then thermodynamics can describe it.

如果它是个平衡系统，那么热力学就能描述它。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

So it only talks about equilibrium systems.

因此热力学只研究平衡系统。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选