They were the antecedents of the Serfs, which we will see later on in medieval history in europe.

他们是农奴的祖先,这段历史我们在中世纪的欧洲会涉及

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

Now, we have a process in late Medieval Europe of the consolidation of territorial monarchies.

现在,我们来探讨欧洲中世纪末期的,领土兼并以及王权强化

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

Unlike the ancient near eastern cities, these towns do not grow up around a temple or a marketplace, confluence of rivers as they do in medieval Europe.

和古代近东的城市不同,这些城邦不以庙宇或集市为中心来扩展的,也不像中世纪的欧洲那样以河流交汇点为中心

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选