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So by parallel we mean - they're either both spin up remember that's our spin quantum number, that fourth quantum number.
所以我们意味着,它们都是自旋向上,记住我们的自旋量子数，是第四个量子数。
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And this spin magnetic quantum number we abbreviate as m sub s, so that's to differentiate from m sub l.
这个自旋磁量子数我们把它简写成ｍ下标ｓ,以和ｍ小标ｌ有所区分。
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And some of them might be spinning clockwise, in which case, according to the right-hand rule we would consider them spin-down.
而另一些电子则是在顺时针自旋，在这种情况下，根据右手定理,我们会以为它是在向下转。
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The drug L-DOPA increases the supply of dopamine and so there is something to alleviate, at least temporarily, the symptoms of Parkinson's.
左旋多巴这种药可以增加多巴胺的分泌量,所以这种药物,至少可以暂时性地缓解,帕金森症的症状
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You then denature again, each one of these strands gets separated, primers bind, turn on the polymerase, a new strand is made.
然后你可以再次使产物链变性,使各链解旋,再结合引物,激活聚合酶,再生成新链
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Outside of that are the same letters but slightly wider and the whole thing roates.
外面是一样的字符，但是稍微宽一点,所以的字符是旋成一圈的。
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And several years later these two graduate students at Leiden by the name of Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck proposed that the electron in fact spins.
几年之后,两个莱顿的学生,古德米斯特和乌伦贝克,提出电子其实是在自旋的。
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And the third fact that we need to keep in mind is that spins remain parallel prior to adding a second electron in any of the orbitals.
第三个事实是我们需要记住在,每个轨道加入第二个电子之前,自旋保持平行。
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In contrast, if we're taking the wave function and describing it in terms of n, l, m sub l, and now also, the spin, what are we describing here?
相反，如果我们考虑一个波函数,然后用ｎ，ｌ，ｍ小标ｌ,还有自旋，我们描述的是什么？
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And when you solved the relativistic form of the Schrodinger equation, what you end up with is that you can have two possible values for the magnetic spin quantum number.
当你们解相对论形式的,薛定谔方程，你们最后会得到两个,可能的自旋磁量子数的值。
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And this spin is an intrinsic quality of the electron, it's a property that is intrinsic in all particles, just like we would say mass is intrinsic or charge is intrinsic.
自旋是电子的本征量，它是所有粒子的本征性质，就像我们说质量是本征的或者电荷是本征的。
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And that the fact that it split into two was telling them that there must be some new property to the electron, and what we call that now is either being spin up or spin down.
它能一分为二的,事实告诉我们,电子一定有某种新的性质，我们叫它自旋向上或者自旋向下。
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But the reason that I like that analogy is that it points out a very important part of spin, and that's the idea that it's a description of the electron.
但我喜欢这个类比的原因是因为,它指出了自旋非常重要的一面，那就是它是一种电子的描述。
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And since we don't know the absolute up and down in the universe, it is possible that some of the electrons may be spinning up.
由于我们在宇宙里,并不知道什么是绝对的上和下，所以说上面的现象很有可能是,一些电子向上自旋引起的。
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So what that means is that we're limited in any atom to having two electrons per orbital, right, because for any orbital we can either have a spin up electron, a spin down electron, or both.
这意味着在一个原子内,每个轨道上可以有两个电子，对吧，因为对任何轨道,我们可以有自旋向上或者自选向下或者两者都有。
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One way to think about it, if we want to use a classical analogy, which often helps to give us an idea of what's going on, is the spin of an electron, we can picture it rotating on its own axis.
如果我们用一个，经典的比喻来考虑它的话，这经常会帮助我们建立起一些概念，就是我们可以把电子的，自旋想象是它绕着轴自转。
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1/2 And we have the spin quantum number 2 as plus 1/2 for electron one, -1/2 and minus 1/2 for the electron two.
我们有自旋量子数,对于电子，我们有自旋量子数。
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So this one is spin-up plus a half, this is spin-down minus a half.
所以自旋向上是正二分之一，而自旋向下是负二分之一。
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That makes sense because we know that every single electron has to have its own distinct set of four quantum numbers, the only way that we can do that is to have a maximum of two spins in any single orbital or two electrons per orbital.
那个讲得通,因为我们知道每一个电子,都有它自己独特的量子数,我们能做的唯一方式是,在任一单个轨道中最多有两个自旋电子,或者每个轨道有两个电子。
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And, according to the right-hand rule, they would be spinning, by our convention, anticlockwise.
并且由右手定律我们知道，按惯例，它们是在逆时针自旋。
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So you can see, if it's spinning on its own axis in this direction we'd call it spin up, where as this way it would be what we call spin down.
你们可以看到，如果它绕自己的轴朝这个方向转,我们就说它是自旋朝上，这个方向我们叫它自旋朝下。
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But now, it has come to light that they are the ones that do get credit for first really coming up with this idea of a spin quantum number, and it's interesting to think about how the politics work in different discoveries, as well as the discoveries themselves.
但现在我们,知道他们是,最先想出自旋量子数,这个概念的人，看各种发现中的,政治学是十分有趣的，和发现本身一样有趣。
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Both of these are spinning but they are spinning in the same level.
它们都是在自旋,但是它们都在相同水平上自旋。
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So we can completely describe an orbital with just using three quantum numbers, but we have this fourth quantum number that describes something about the electron that's required for now a complete description of the electron, and that's the idea of spin.
所以我们可以用３个,量子数完全刻画轨道，但我们有这第四个量子数,来完整的,描述电子，这就是自旋的概念。
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So one goes spin-up and the other goes spin-down.
所以一个是自旋向上，另一个是自旋向下。
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You can do that by gently adding heat and making it basic, but you make the two DNA strands separate.
你可以通过逐渐加温并使之碱化的方法,使双链DNA解旋
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/2 You can have it equal to plus 1/2, and that's what we call spin up, 1/2 or you can have it equal to minus 1/2, which is what we call spin down.
它可能会等于，我们叫它自选朝上，或者它等于负，我们叫它自旋朝下。
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It doesn't simply orbit the nucleus, but as it orbits it spins.
它并不只是简单地绕原子核旋转，而是同时进行公转和自旋。
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Spin is also an intrinsic property.
自旋也是个本征量。
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