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Well, one way you can get it is by mixing the gene with lipids, with lipid molecules.
一种方法可以将基因与脂质体混合,同脂类分子混合
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This example here, the idea is to introduce a gene into tumor cells of a tumor.
这里的这个例子思路是,将一个基因导入肿瘤组织的肿瘤细胞中
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Think about an eight year old girl, who's very unhappy, and then reads some magazine about that study, saying that basically you are genetically set point what you are born with is there for life.
设想一个8岁的女孩，她很忧伤，然后在杂志上读到那个研究，研究告诉她，基本上你的基因决定了一切,你与生俱来的一切，将伴随你终生。
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They put a gene like the insulin gene in place of the milk protein, but behind the promoter that is used to produce milk proteins.
人们将产羊奶蛋白的基因,换成了胰岛素基因,在启动子后面的基因,原本是编码羊奶蛋白的
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That is a way of putting a cloned gene into a micro-organism and then using that micro-organism as sort of a factory for the protein.
这方法把克隆基因植入微生物之后,将其作为某种形式的蛋白质工厂
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In that case, we took the gene for the Hepatitis B protein.
在此种情况下,我们将乙肝病毒的基因同蛋白质外壳分离
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Took it out of the virus completely, cloned it into a plasmid, that plasmid was expressed in a foreign host, in this case it was expressed in yeast cells.
将基因从病毒中完全提取出来,并克隆制成质粒,该质粒在外来宿主中表达,此例中质粒在酵母细胞中表达
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One way that that's done is by introducing genes into cancer cells, genes that aren't normally expressed in any mammalian cell, but that will cause the cancer cell to die.
已经成功应用的一种方法是,将基因导入癌细胞,而这种基因通常不在哺乳动物细胞中表达,但是可以导致癌细胞的死亡
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Well, now, how would you get the gene into the cells?
那么如何将基因导入细胞呢
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Those two examples I just gave you, one had to directly inject a gene containing vector into the pronucleus of a fertilized egg and you don't have that opportunity in adults.
在我刚给出的两个例子里,一个必须得将带有目的基因的载体,直接注射到受精卵的原核中,这在成年人身上行不通
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That is also an advantage of using them as gene therapy vehicles because they will only infect cells that they are - that they have an affinity for or that they're prone to affect.
非常有利于将其,作为基因治疗的载体使用,因为它们只能感染那些--,它们对之具有亲和性,或者说它们倾向于去感染的细胞
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I'll talk about what that means, encoding insulin means in a minute, but there's a gene that tells your body what insulin looks like and that gets transcribed but only in those cells that make insulin.
一会儿,我将会讨论基因编码胰岛素的意义,所有细胞都含有相同的胰岛素基因,它决定胰岛素的结构以及如何被转录,但是只有胰腺细胞才能产生胰岛素
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This is the slide that I left on last time and the idea here was to use plasmids, which I talked about last Thursday, to introduce genes into animals.
这是我上节课没讲完的一张幻灯片,这里的思路是利用,上周四所讲过的质粒,以将基因导入动物体内
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You get the idea here, is to deliver the gene that you're interested in directly to the tissue where it's being used and in this case, the idea is to introduce a gene that's missing.
但首先你要明确,这种思路是用来将,某个目的基因直接导入,它原本就能被利用的组织中的,此例中是导入一种缺失的基因
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Here's an example where we'd like to make insulin, or having the insulin gene would be useful, but if we could take the insulin gene and make many copies of the insulin protein that would be a very useful thing.
例子就是我们人工制造胰岛素,胰岛素基因就很有用,但如果我们可以用胰岛素基因,复制很多胰岛素蛋白,这将会是非常有裨益的一件事
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Taking foreign genes, genes that aren't naturally expressed or might not even exist inside a cell and putting them there and putting them there in a way where they work, and by work meaning the gene gets expressed or translated into a protein.
将异源基因,即那些在细胞中原本不表达或者,根本不存在的基因转入细胞并让它们工作,工作就是指让基因持续表达并合成蛋白质
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This week we're going to talk about DNA technology and genetic engineering: this is Chapter 3 of the book.
这星期我们将探讨DNA技术,和基因工程,这是本书第三章的内容
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We're going to spend the first few weeks of the course talking about first DNA and genes.
我们将用最初几个星期的课程,首先谈论DNA和基因
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The nucleus contains all the DNA, and so the early stages of gene expression, transcription, happened inside the nucleus where all the DNA is.
NA都在细胞核里,所以早期的基因表达,转录,发生在将所有DNA,都包于其中的细胞核中
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We'll start with Week 2 talking about Genetic Engineering; what's DNA, how can it be manipulated, how is our ability to manipulate DNA led to things like gene therapy which can now be done in people.
从第二周开始我们会讲基因工程,什么是DNA,怎么样才能操控它们,我们如何操作DNA,并将它应用于人类的基因疗法
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Now the challenge is not just to get the DNA that encodes a gene into a cell, the challenge is to get it into the cell in a form where the cell can use it, can express it and make proteins from it.
现在的问题不仅在于,要将编码基因的DNA转进细胞,还要让它进入细胞之后,能够为细胞所用,能够表达并合成蛋白质
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