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It might be darkness. It might be spirit. Or in ancient Greek religion, a more sort of philosophical polytheism, it might be fate.
它可以是黑暗，也可以是一种精神，在古希腊的一个，偏向于哲学上多神论的宗教中，它可以是命运。
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now, this is a remarkable leap, even beyond the humanism of the greeks, something brand new in the world.
这是一个历史性的飞跃,甚至超越了古希腊的人道主义,当时,这是一种先锋思想
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Bisection methods were known to the ancient Greeks, and it is believed by many, even to the Babylonians.
二分法由古希腊人所发明,我以前也说过，一直到17世纪二分法都被。
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It's looks like an ancient Greek novel, except it lacks the one thing every good Greek novel had,sex.
像是一部古希腊小说，只不过缺少了希腊小说普遍具有的“性“
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They will compete with each other in the nude because that is the way Greeks exercised.
他们将,裸身竞赛,因那是古希腊人运动的方式。
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How would you have had the great Greek playwrights, they would argue, without the system, the world the Greeks were able to create with the Helots?
还有伟大的古希腊戏剧家是怎样来的,没有这个制度,希腊人怎能用奴隶创造昔日的繁荣
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So that's the way the world looks when the polis is invented and when colonization begins to become a big thing.
这就是城邦建立以及殖民开始兴起之时,古希腊世界的面貌
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Somebody in one of the old Greek cities has to decide that he wants to go out and establish a colony.
在其中一个古希腊的城市中,突然有个人决定要建立一个殖民地
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The Greeks were, even though they went to sea plenty, they were terrified of the sea for very good reason.
那时的古希腊人,虽然时常出海,但他们也是非常惧怕大海的
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Anyway, the Black Sea is not a Greek lake, but there are Greek cities that are spotted along the coast.
不管怎样,黑海不是古希腊的湖泊,除了东海岸
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And that means we need to understand at least a little bit about the Greco-Roman world.
所以这意味着我们需要,至少了解一点古希腊罗马时代的知识。
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It would have a certain koine to it; that is, a Greek overlay, over what may be also be there, the original indigenous kind of cultures and languages.
有共同语;,即古希腊文化为主，然后才是，本土文化和语言。
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And I just have to do this today on the Greco-Roman world, tell you everything you need to know about the Greco-Roman world, at least for this semester.
今天要讲的古希腊罗马时代，告诉你们所有需要了解的古希腊罗马知识，至少这学期需要了解的知识。
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The Carthaginians, in fact, and the Greeks will have to fight the Carthaginians over the years for control of the island of Sicily.
实际上,迦太基人,而在接下来的历史里,为了争夺西西里岛,古希腊人与他们进行了长年的战争
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So then there's the whole idea--we've already given you some sense that the Greeks were ancestor worshippers.
所以这就是当时的情况,我告诉过你们,古希腊人对祖先甚是尊敬
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The council was called the boule, which is also in your handout, and that referred to a smaller council of older men, usually, who made decisions that they then would put before the whole, the demos, the whole voting population.
这一委员会叫做古希腊立法会议，讲义上有，是指年长男子组成的较小政治机构，通常他们做出决定，然后公示给整个。。。,所有公民，整个投票群体。
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What is it about the Greeks between the years that I mentioned to you that deserves the attention of people in the twenty-first century?
是什么使得久远的古希腊,会值得21世纪的人们,去关注和研究呢
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A notion that the Greeks would have regarded as dangerously arrogant and certain to produce disaster.
这个主张被古希腊人当做,危险,骄横并会带来灾难的观点
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Well, the Greeks had no concept of natural rights, or of rights that human beings were given by the gods.
当然,古希腊人没有自然权利,或者天赋人权的概念
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In the Greek world we know -- I think I quoted something from hesiod that confirmed it.
我们都知道在古希腊时期,我记得当时我引用了赫西奥德的话
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Now, let's take a look at the world of the Mediterranean and see how Greek expansion worked.
现在,我们来研究地中海地区,看看古希腊是如何扩张的
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That's the very first place where there is a tradition of a Greek colony having been planted.
就是在那个地方,古希腊人历史上第一次建立了殖民地
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No, they come from the polis when its laws are good and therefore when what the government provides is eunomia rather than the opposite.
不是,它们来源于古希腊的城邦,当法律完善之时,也意味着优秀的政府,而非恶政当道
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The first and the sharpest break with this common human experience came in ancient Greece.
最早与人类社会这个普遍传统,相悖且最为鲜明的例子就是古希腊
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Certainly things that have nothing to do with economics really there are politics going on in these states as there always are in any Greek polis.
就是那个和经济没什么关系的词,当时这些殖民地受政治影响,就像古希腊其他城市一样
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So nonetheless,the desire for a good commercial opportunity might well have been one of the elements that these people who were leaving their home cities sought.
但是,对于贸易机遇的渴望应该是,驱使古希腊人背井离乡的,一个重要因素
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See all you guys really know your Greek and Roman mythology.
你们很了解古希腊罗马神话嘛。
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The place where this took place was the gymnasium.
进行上述教育的场所叫做古希腊运动场。
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Then it starts sounding like a Greco-Roman novel.
后面就像是一部古希腊罗马小说。
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