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What is a Little Magazine? Well, very often they were big They were little because their circulation was small.
那么小杂志是什么？，其实它们大多是比较大型的,之所以说它们“小“是因为发行量。
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in order to be able to distribute it on a mass scale. You needed a company of, with a lot of capital,
为了能够大规模发行。你需要一个有很多资金的公司，
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It can be used as a publishing medium and something that you can interact with, instead of something that is a burden to receive.
它可以用作一个发行媒介,成为你可以与之互动的东西，而不再是一个负担。
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So we have--U.S. Government issues bills and that's less than or equal to one year and they pay no interest.
美国政府发行的短期国库券,期限通常小于或等于一年,且不付息
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There are 100 times more books, pamphlets, prints, and maps produced in Russia under the time of Peter the great than there had been in the whole previous century.
彼得大帝在位时期发行了大量的书籍,宣传册子,报纸和地图等印刷制品,数量比俄国过去一个世纪的总和还多百倍
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But now, with the internet, it's much easier to distribute your music,
但是现在，有了互联网，发行你的音乐容易多了，
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We're going to be very, very good about releasing strong and clear APIs on how to build things.
我们会变得非常善于,发行关于怎样开发东西的有力的,清晰的应用程序接口。
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I think Lee identified a small number, but definitely some of them, that were lying about the date.
我想李指的只是一小部分公司,但是在期权发行日上做手脚,这种事情是绝对存在的
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A pure investment bank is not a depository institution and it's also--a pure investment bank is not a broker- dealer either.
一个真正的投行不是一个储蓄机构,当然一个真正的投行也不是证券公司-,或者发行公司。
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So, if a bond was issued when interest rates were lower, they might have a 4% coupon when the prevailing rate is 6%.
所以，如果一只债券在利率很低的时候发行，在汇率为6%的的时候，它们可能有一个4%的票息。
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It did not have a government monopoly on note issue but over the time it became the prime issuer of U.K. notes.
在纸币发行上，它并没有政府垄断者的角色,但是随着时间的流逝,它成为了英国纸币的主要发行者。
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I talked about a company as having only shares outstanding, but they also have debt outstanding.
我曾提过只发行股票的公司,他们还会有负债
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Now, the problem is that if you invest in bonds from some state or local government, they might not pay you back; they can just go bankrupt.
现在的问题是如果你投资了,州或者地方政府发行的债券,他们可能无法支付,他们可能会破产
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Now, the critical thing to understand about a corporation is that in order to value a share in a corporation you absolutely have to know the number of shares outstanding.
理解这类公司的关键在于,要衡量一家公司股票的价值,你必须清楚总共发行的股票数量
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Now, they are hoping that the price doesn't fall because they're announcing it with news and,in a sense, issuing the stock dividend is just a way to make it dramatic.
他们希望股价不会下跌,因为他们是带着利好宣布的,换言之,发行股票股利只是想引人注目
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They deal with, principally, state and local governments who are issuing bonds to raise money for their activities, like New Haven, for example, or any other state or local government.
他们主要与,州和当地政府打交道,这些政府机构通过发行债券筹资,例如纽黑文市,或者其他的州,或者其他的当地政府
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The problem with private banks issuing notes is that there would periodically be banking crises when the banks failed to pay on their notes and they couldn't pay out the gold that was demanded--that was required.
私有银行发行纸币的问题在于,当它们没法用要求的金子-规定的金子数量,支付它们发行的纸币时,它们将周期性的,陷入银行业危机。
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The debt irrelevance theory says that it matters for the price of a share what a company issues-- how much debt it takes on-- but it doesn't matter for the value of the company.
负债不相关理论说明它和,公司发行股票的每股价格,和总负债有关,但和公司的价值无关
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It doesn't mean anything until you know how many shares are outstanding because if I own one thousand shares and then you look it up and find out how many shares are outstanding-- there are one thousand-- you say, hey I own the whole company.
这毫无意义,除非你知道总共发行的股票数量,如果你有十手股票,但后来发现,总共发行的股票数量,就是一千股,你就可以说,整个公司都是我的
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If stock price option -if stock options tend to be issued as announced by the company later, just before stock prices go up, there's no way that that can be right because nobody can know exactly when the stock price is going to go up.
如果股票期权价格...,如果就像公司事后宣称的一样,公司恰好是在股价上涨之前,发行的股票期权,这是不可能做到的,因为没有人可以确切知道,股票价格何时会上涨
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All that matters is the ratio: how many shares I own divided by the number of shares outstanding.
比例才是最根本的要素,我有的股数除以总发行股数
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I'm the CEO of Google and I call the broker and I say, how many shares are outstanding?
如果我是谷歌的执行总裁,我给经纪人打电话问,一共发行了多少股票
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It is showing since the U.S. Government issues these bonds, it's showing its data on these bonds.
这里显示了,因为这些债券是美国政府发行的,所以这里显示了这些债券发行的数据
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I mean, lately they've been more inefficient, in my view, because the Fed's creating too much money.
我是说，最近市场表现的更没效率，在我看来，这是因为美联储发行了太多的货币。
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People don't usually know how many shares are outstanding in the company that they invest in.
人们通常不知道,他们所投资的公司到底发行了多少股票
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They would announce in December that we issued back in August these options to our executives.
他们会在十二月的时候通告说,我们已经在八月的时候,向公司经营管理者发行股票期权了
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In my final slide is a picture of the first indexed bond; this is issued by the State of Massachusetts I actually own this bond.
最后一张幻灯片是,第一支物价指数债券的照片,这是麻省州政府发行的,其实我收藏了这张债券
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Because the Bank of England could then demand all the it could start accumulating notes from some issuing bank and then demand payment in gold.
因为英格兰银行那时可以,要求所有的，它可以开始从一些纸币发行银行,收集些发行的纸币之后再要求以金子的形式偿还。
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The U.S. Government is a big issuer of discount bonds and they're called Treasury bills.
美国政府是贴现债券的大发行商,这些被称为国库券
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We've centralized the note issue in the United States starting in 1913 with the Federal Reserve Board so your notes that you see are called Federal Reserve Notes.
我们在1913年通过联邦储备金监察小组,集中了美国发行的钞票,所以你看到的钞票,叫做联邦储备券。
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