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So, language is this communal set of rumors spiritualized by its very vagueness and shared quality.
因此，语言以其模棱两可的特性,营造出这种精神化的谣传的公社氛围。
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That is, if you are one of these commune communities, then you're just a small number of people.
即使是公社，集结成的也只是个小众团体。
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He lived in the Tuileries palace along the Seine, which was burned in 1871 during the commune.
塞纳河畔的杜伊勒里宫,它在1871年被巴黎公社付之一炬
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So, we know who the communards were, they were ordinary people; they were the ordinary workers, men and women who simply couldn't get out.
因此,我们得知那些公社的社员,他们就是被困在城市里的普通民众,工人,市民,无法从巴黎脱身的男女
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The first is obviously Marx against the backdrop of the first great Socialist Revolution which eventually resulted in the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, when the Russian formalist movement was at its height.
第一个当然是马克思,当时的巴黎公社运动,最终导致了俄国十月革命，这时俄国的形式主义运动正处于高潮。
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He created finally--he emigrated to the United States and he set up a city called New Harmony.
而他确实这么做了，他移居到美国,并创建了一个名叫新和谐村的公社。
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Now, who, first of all, who were the communards, who were the people that was left?
那么那些公社的社员又是些什么人呢,这些留下来的人是谁呢
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And you have to imagine him after the commune,after the slaughter and the buildings are still burning,or at least smoldering, that he comes to Paris.
你可以想象,在巴黎公社后,在大屠杀之后,房屋仍在燃烧,或至少是在冒烟,这时候他来到了巴黎
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There were communes in other cities, too, with a variety of demands, in Limoges, in Lyon and in Marseilles, and even an attempt in Bordeaux.
其它的城市也有公社,诉求各异的公社,在里摩日,甚至在波尔多地区都有
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And this was the ultimate lesson of the Commune that would hang over Europe.
这才是巴黎公社遗留给整个欧洲的,最大的教训
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The state could strike back with unparalleled savagery against those people who got in the way, and that's what happened at the commune, in the Paris Commune.
但它竟也可以以空前野蛮的步伐倒退,就为了对抗那些阻碍了他们的人们,这就是在公社时期所发生的,巴黎公社时期
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Okay, today I want to talk about the Paris Commune.
好的,今天我想谈谈巴黎公社
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Robert Owen wanted to create this community.
罗伯特·欧文想要创造这样的公社。
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The Paris Commune has to be placed in the context of two things going on.
要讲巴黎公社,就必须把当时发生的两件事作为背景
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The commune, the numbers of the commune were swollen by political refugees.
公社的数量,随着政治难民的不断加入而迅速壮大
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The wealthy people mostly got out again, and the commune holds on.
那些富有的人们又作鸟兽散,但公社的人们坚守阵地
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And, so, you're surrounded--and people, they don't agree on everything.
处在包围圈中,巴黎公社的人们,并不是所有观点都会保持一致
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And people used to go up there on May Day, and sometimes on the anniversary of the Commune, just to see where these people fell, with enormous more dignity than the people who shot them.
过去,人们会在国际劳动节时上那去,有时候巴黎公社纪念日也去,就是要去看看那些人们倒下的地方,相比那些射杀他们的人们,他们有着高得多的尊严
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But,anyway,so when France collapsed after the war, and when the Commune comes along,it seems to Royalists, that is,the people who wanted a restoration of the monarchy, that their ship had come in.So what's going to happen?
回到正题,当法国在战后崩溃,公社出现,对君主主义者来说,这些人希望君主制的复辟,他们的机会来了,将会发生什么呢
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And a couple of the communards-- one is a woman that you'll read about later, called Louise Michel, who spends half her time in exile in London, who was an anarchist, basically, was very important, along with Elisabeth Dmitrieff.
巴黎公社中的一些社员,你们之后会在阅读材料中读到她,她叫路易斯·米歇尔,她半辈子的时间都被放逐于伦敦,她是无政府主义者,更关键的是因为,她与伊丽莎白·德米特里耶夫的观点一致
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The armies that they were opposing, the French armies, were largely staffed by peasants from conservative areas, or from National Guards brought in from towns like Vannes, And, so, the commune--it's somewhat semi-proletarian, they're mostly working people.
他们所对抗的军队,也就是法国的军队,大部分是由保守郊区的农民,或是从诸如瓦纳,埃夫勒,所以,这些公社,有点半无产阶级的感觉,大部分都是有工作的人们
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And, so, you can see how this would have an impact on every country, on the United States--those of you who've taken American history, this sort of view that immigrants were increasingly bringing socialism and anarchism to the United States.
由此我们能看出巴黎公社对世界各国,对美国的影响,那些学过美国历史的人懂的,移民们越来越多,在美国宣扬社会主义和无政府主义
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And, in my view, the Paris Commune and the massacre that followed the Paris Commune, the massacre of thousands and thousands of people, anticipated the twentieth century, when you became guilty for just being who you were.
在我看来,巴黎公社和随后的那场,使得成千上万的人死于非命的大屠杀,都预示了二十世纪的血雨腥风,人们仅仅因为自己的出身而获罪
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The kind of myth of the commune was, of course, that from the conservatives' point of view was that these were the furies of hell, the men and the women who rose up to slay their social betters.
有关公社还有一种传说,当然,这是保守派的看法,传说这些人都是来自地狱的怒火,人们揭竿而起去打倒上层社会阶级
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It doesn't work so easily to share with those people along the lines that these communities--I think these communes tend to emphasize a social compact, a feeling for each other, a caring for each other, which is a lovely thought but it doesn't achieve risk management on a big scale.
但要实现跟满足这些条件的人分摊风险,绝非易事,这些共同体。。。我指这些公社,倾向于强调一种社会凝聚力，一种人与人的深情和关怀，这个想法听上去很美,但无法实现大规模有成效的风险管理。
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That was the Commune and we're going to go on to the State next time.
这就是巴黎公社,下次我们讲主权国家
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The commune is important in the big Hay Market Affair, the collective memory of the commune in the Hay Market Affair in Chicago and the people hung there in-- when was it--1886.
公社在"干草市场事件"中至关重要,公社的集体记忆在芝加哥"干草市场事件"中,是至关重要的,人们被吊死,时间是...一八八六年
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This is how I end the previous course, but it's the most appropriate place to start this one, because the Paris Commune hung over Europe for the next twenty or thirty years.
我上节课结束时就讲到这里,这十分适合作为这节课的开头,因为巴黎公社的阴霾,笼罩了欧洲接下来的二三十年
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So, what was the Paris Commune?
那么,巴黎公社是什么呢
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And the commune, despite the fact that there's lots of-- you could hear in the distance the guns sometimes getting closer and closer, and attempts to break out fail miserably, they pass all sorts of impressive social legislation.
在公社里,尽管有很多...,公社不远处不时能听到枪声,不断逼近,而突围的尝试又屡次惨败,他们还通过了各式法律法规
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