It's just minus the sum of all these things, because of course these are just defined as the work done by the environment to the system.

等于负的这些东西的和，因为它们的定义是,环境对系统所做的功。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

That's the work that the system is doing to the environment. I'm doing work to the environment. The work is negative, which means that work is being done to the environment.

功的大小,就是矩形的面积,这样我们就实现了一台热机，冷却，加热，加热,冷却，系统回到了初态。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

I think we all understand the importance of children growing up together and having the opportunity to work together to become friends, to learn the results of conflicts and to basically interact in a social environment.

我们都明白,孩子共同成长,有机会合作是很重要的,他们要成为朋友，要知道发生冲突的后果,要在社会环境里互动。

麻省理工公开课 - 媒体、教育、市场课程节选

It indicates how information flows in cells and indicates a lot about the work that a cell does in maintaining and recreating itself, and maintaining its environment.

这个图展示了信息如何在细胞内传递,以及细胞,在维持 复制自身,和维持其周围环境所需起的作用

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

It's an expansion, so we're doing work against the environment, or to the environment.

压强降低，系统对，外界做功。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

Wirr Minus w irreversible, this is the work which is done to the environment by the system, -Wrev minus w irreversible is always smaller than minus w reversible.

一点提示，不可逆过程中系统,对外界做的功，总是小于,之前我们。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

What you've built is an engine. You cool, you heat, you heat, you cool, you get back to the same place, but you've just done work to the environment.

这就是热机，我们用燃料或者热源加热，然后把它，与大气接触让它冷却。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

w we have the environment doing work on the system OK, now we've assumed that epsilon prime is greater than epsilon.

大于零，that，is，in，this，one,在这里环境对系统做功,好，现在我们假设,ε’比ε大。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

There's no change in them, and then we also looked at some at non-state functions, work and heat, and saw that those aren't zero going around a cycle. Of course you can do work in a cyclic process, and heat can be exchanged with the environment at the same time.

它们不会有变化，然后我们研究了,一些非态函数，功和热量，并看到,沿着循环行进一周的话,它们并不是零，当然你可以在,一个循环过程中做功，而同时热量可以在系统,与外界环境之间进行交换。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

You're doing work on the environment.

可以驱动汽车运行。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

U It's u, because u is to q plus w right, heat and work, but it's adiabatic. So there's no heat, exchange with the environment, and it's constant volume, so there's no p dV work, right.

什么是零？是U，因为,等于q加w，热量和功，但这是绝热的，所以系统与环境间没有热量交换；,同时它是灯体的，所以也没有pdV形式的功。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选