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And the equation of state, pressure versus volume at constant temperature, is going to have some form, let's just draw it in there like that.
系统的态函数，恒温下压强比体积，变化曲线，就像这样。
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It's a state function, so we're at constant temperature and pressure, and now we want to consider some chemical change or a phase transition or you name it.
这就是态函数，我们处于恒定的温度和压强之下，然后考虑某些化学变化或者相变,或者你想考虑的东西。
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We start at this lower energy state and go up that means we need to absorb a photon, we have to take in energy.
我们从一个低能级开始，到一个高能级去,这意味着需要吸收一个光子，我们要获得能量。
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But even the Hobbesian state, Hobbes admits himself, the Hobbesian state lives in the midst of a Hobbesian world; that is to say, the world of international relations is for Hobbes simply the state of nature at large.
不过他也承认，这霍布斯式的国家只能存在于,霍布斯式的世界状态里，而在这样的世界状态中,国家关系只是放大了的自然关系。
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The ionization energy must then be nothing more than, that is the energy to go from the ground state here to n equals infinity, so that would be the energy at state infinity minus the energy of the ground state.
这个电离能一定不会大于，从基态到n为无限大时的能量,而是等于,无限远处的能量减去基态能量。
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You need a functional form that connects the value at one state of matter, the freezing point of water to another phase change, the boiling point of water.
你需要一个函数形式来,连接物质某个态对应的温度值，如水的冰点，和另一个相变,如水的沸点。
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But now, what happens if, instead we look at what happens when we go to some state one to some other state two and it's the pressure. Or the volume, that changes.
但是现在，我们看看如果,我们关系从状态一变化到状态二时,体积或者压强发生变化。
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As long as you're dealing with state functions it doesn't matter to get at the same results here.
不影响结果,我们的推导就基于这一点。
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So, if we're talking about five different orbitals and we're talking about a ground state atom, we know that we just need to start at the bottom and work our way out up.
因此，如果我们要讨论的是,五个不同的轨道且是属于一个基态原子的话，我们知道，我们只需要从最低的轨道,开始一个一个往上找。
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So if we go to the ground state, what you see is we're at that lowest energy level, and we only have one possibility for an orbital, because when n equals 1, that's all we can do.
如果我们在基态上，你可以看到，我们在能量最低的态上，只有一种，可能的轨道，因为n等于1，只有这种可能。
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And it's more dramatic if the system is a gas p T2 V2 p, T2, V2, And let's look at what happens to U these functions of state, to H to u under this transformation.
如果是气体这个系统,就更具有趣了,让我们看看H和，在这个变化中态函数会发生什么变化。
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Cv The only difference is it'll be Cp instead of Cv, B but there it is for pathway B. There it is for C a pathway C. So the state functions that we're familiar with are doing what we expect they ought to be doing, right? If you go around in a cycle, starting and ending at the same place the state functions have to stay the same.
是Cp而不是，这是路径,这是路径,所以我们熟悉的态函数的行为,正与我们预期的相同，对吧？,如果你沿着循环走一圈,开始和结束于同一个位置。
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