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Thermodynamics is asking you, what work does this thing do on the surroundings or the surroundings do on the system?
热力学在问你们，到底是系统对环境做功,还是环境对系统做功？
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If you have a quantity which is constant over any closed path, that quantity is a thermodynamics state function.
如果有一个物理量,对任何闭合回路积分是常数，这个物理量就是一个热力学态函数。
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And they had this feeling because there had just been this huge boon of discovery, of scientific advances that included Newtonian mechanics, it included Dalton's atomic theory of matter, also thermodynamics and classical electromagnetism.
他们会有这样的感觉,是因为他们刚，经历科学上的,大繁荣期，包括牛顿力学,道尔顿物质原子理论，热力学和电磁学,都取得了巨大进展。
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So he grabbed his thermometer, and went and made a couple of measurements and discovered the first law of thermodynamics.
所以他拿来了温度计，进行测量,后来就发现了热力学第一定律。
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So thermodynamics, based on these four laws now, requires an edifice, and it's a very mature science, and it requires that we define things carefully.
热力学是一座，建立在这四条定律上的大厦,它是一门非常成熟的科学，也要求我们在定义东西时非常小心。
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So now, now that we've got all three of the major laws of thermodynamics, what I want to start in on is a discussion of what happens spontaneously.
现在既然我们已经得到了,热力学的三个主要定理，我想现在开始讨论的是,什么过程会自发进行。
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It's almost as important as the second law of thermodynamics, which you'll see in a week or so.
几乎同热力学第二定律,一样重要，你们将在接下来的几周时间里看到这点。
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This is an abstract and powerful mathematical statement of the first law of thermodynamics.
这是热力学第一定律的一个抽象,而且具有很强数学性的表述。
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And the cause of some thermodynamics have even been applied to economics, systems out of equilibrium, like big companies like Enron, you know, completely out of equilibrium, crash and burn.
热力学中的一些观点,甚至被应用到经济学中，非平衡态系统，比如像安永那样大公司,彻底偏离平衡态,最后破产了。
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And we can do that by going through and deriving What we'll call the fundamental equations of thermodynamics.
通过推导,所谓的,基本热力学方程可以做到这一点。
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So, over the last few lectures we've worked and struggled so formulate the second and third laws of thermodynamics in addition to the first.
在前几次课中,我们通过努力明确的,给出了热力学,第一，第二和第三定律。
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Fairly powerful statement, and that's another form of the first law of thermodynamics.
这是一个相当有用的表述,是热力学第一定律的另外一种形式。
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That's for a different lecture So, anyway, thermodynamics dates from the same period as getting fossil fuels out of the ground. It's universal.
这是另一堂课的内容,不管怎么说,热力学与开采化石燃料,起源于同一时期，它是普适的。
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and added a structure of math upon it, to build this edifice, which is a very solid edifice of thermodynamics as a science of equilibrium systems.
了这座热力学的坚固大厦，这是一门，平衡态系统,的科学。
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And this is just an incredibly important area that thermodynamics allows us to speak to.
这是热力学中我们需要讨论的一个,很重要的领域。
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in the last couple lectures at a really important topic in thermodynamics.
在前面几次课里,面我们考察了热力学中一个很重要的课题。
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So, then we go to thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium, and this is really about chemical reactions -- weather a reaction will go, will it be spontaneous, if there an equilibrium, what direction will the reaction be shifted in.
然后我们要讲到热力学和化学平衡,这都和化学反应有关，一个反应是否能发生,是不是能自发反应，如果存在化学平衡，它会朝什么方向移动。
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There's a zeroth law The zeroth law every one of these laws basically defines the quantity in thermodynamics and then defines the concept.
有第零定律,这些定律中的每一条都定义了,热力学中一个基本物理量的概念,第零定律定义了温度。
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It doesn't prove it, but it helps to getting more intuition about the consequences of thermodynamics.
原子论并不会证明热力学，但有助于更好地理解,热力学中的结论。
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So, dimensional analysis is extremely valuable in thermodynamics, and here is an example of it.
因此，量纲分析,在热力学力很有用，这里就是一个例子。
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You'd learn about statistical mechanics, and how the atomistic concepts rationalize thermodynamics.
你会学到在统计力学中，是如何用原子论的概念,阐释热力学的。
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Now we can use it to derive differential relations for all of the thermodynamics quantities.
现在我们可以利用他们,推导所有热力学量的微分关系。
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It's biological engines, right. Things that either produce or consume biological fuel to do different sorts of processes. Also, of course of key importance to understand what the, in that case, biological thermodynamics are.
但不只是我们制造的引擎,生物引擎也是如此,它们产生或消费生物燃料,来完成不同的过程，当然，这也是理解生物热力学的关键所在。
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PROFESSOR BAWENDI: Last time you talked about the first law of thermodynamics.
教授：上一次我们谈到,热力学第一定律。
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You can apply non-equilibrium thermodynamics to economics.
你可以把非平衡热力学,应用于经济学。
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All right, so we're going to be doing more thermodynamics processes.
我们现在继续,研究热力学过程。
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You're moving heat around When you're changing matter through thermodynamics.
当你通过热力学改变物质形态时,你是在,转移热量。
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If it's an equilibrium system, then thermodynamics can describe it.
如果它是个平衡系统，那么热力学就能描述它。
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Since then, since we know about atoms and molecules now, we can rationalize the concepts of thermodynamics using microscopic properties, 62 and if you are going to take 5.62, that's what you'd learn about.
既然我们现在已经知道了原子和分子,的概念），我们可以用,微观属性,来阐释热力学中的概念，如果你会选修5。,-那是你将要学到的。
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People have done experiments through the ages, and they've accumulated the knowledge from these experiments, and they've synthesized these experiments into a few basic empirical rules, empirical laws, which are the laws of thermodynamics.
很长的时期内，人们做了大量的实验，从这些实验中积累知识,将这些实验总结成一些基本的经验法则和定律，这就是热力学的定律,然后，人们给这些定律添加，数学架构。
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