It's really just the result of the virus dividing within cells of your skin, and producing a lot of dead cells.

这便是病毒在皮肤细胞内部,分裂的结果,这个过程会产生大量的死亡细胞

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So, I make a pledge. You give me seven hours a week, you will pass this class, not just by the skin of your teeth. You will pass it.

我保证，你们要是一周学习7个小时，肯定可以通过这门课，一点都不惊险，你们会通过的。

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So, you get a rash, or a redness of the skin.

所以,你会出皮疹,或者皮肤变红

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These are very deep lesions that go not just on the surface of your skin like a blister would, but down into the dermis or deeper layers of the skins, as well.

这些伤非常深,它们不仅像水泡那样存在于皮肤表面,还深入到真皮层或者皮下更深的地方

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And they did that by intentionally infecting calves, by harvesting their skin when they were at a certain point of the disease, and by isolating the virus from the skin of the calves.

他们有意感染很多小牛,当小牛疾病发展到一定程度,就收割牛皮,然后把病毒从牛皮里分离出来

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And they also developed a very reliable way for introducing the virus, so that when they had a defined preparation of virus, then you want to make sure that everybody gets it in their skin in the right way.

他们还发明了一种可靠的方法来引入病毒,当人们有了确定的病毒制剂之后,就要要保证这些制剂都以正确的方式,注射至皮下

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So, they developed this bifurcated tool, which would be appl--you'd put the stuff on the surface of the tool and then you'd scratch the skin in a certain way so that you could produce sort of a reproducible introduction of the vaccine into the skin.

所以他们发明了一种分为两叉的工具,把疫苗抹在这种工具表面上,然后以某种方式在皮肤上刮,这样就能将疫苗,重复不断地引入到皮下

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When you would take the fluid from the cow, and you would inject it underneath the skin of a person you wanted to protect, then at that site where you injected it, you would get a lesion that looked like a smallpox or cowpox lesion.

当你从奶牛上得到脓液,并把脓液注射到想受到保护的,人的皮肤下面,然后在你注射的地方,你会看到像天花或者牛痘一样的病变

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选