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In order to attract the rabbit's own stem cells to re-grow the cartilage, channels in the scaffold were filled with a growth factor protein.
VOA: standard.2010.08.11
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It's not the best form of food in that they're actually very poor in protein, and unfortunately very, very rich in cyanide.
但木薯的根并不是最好的食物,因为它的蛋白质含量很少，而更不幸的是，它的氰化物含量非常，非常高。
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So if it's not a cell that's going through division you can't use a retrovirus to express the protein.
如果细胞不在分裂阶段,你就不能用逆转录病毒来表达某个蛋白
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The reason it is so exciting that it's a protein, and it's a protein, this is the structure here, it's a ribbon structure so you can kind of see what it looks like, it's made up of all natural amino acids.
它这么让人激动的原因是因为它是一个蛋白质，这里的这个结构，这是个带状机构，你可以看到它的样子，它全部是由氨基酸组成的。
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The macro nutrients are the big constituents of food, that's protein, carbohydrate, and fat.
大量营养素是食物重要组成来源,即蛋白质,碳水化合物和脂肪
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What a kinase enzyme does is that it recognizes this protein, and for example, the tyrosine that's on the protein.
激酶能够识别这类蛋白,例如,包含酪氨酸的蛋白
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If you could introduce that gene you'd make the chemical, in this case it's a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor.
通过导入一种生成特殊化学物质的基因,这种疗法中指的是一种蛋白,叫做血管内皮生长因子
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And it's neat to see the glowing jellyfish and think about the fluorescent protein that's in them.
你可以看到整齐的水母,而且考虑它里面的蛋白质。
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Essentially, what they are is it's a protein that spans the membrane of a cell.
本质上来说，它是一个横跨细胞膜的蛋白质。
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In fact, for insulin, it's not the final version of the protein that comes out of translation.
事实上,就胰岛素而言,翻译完成后的形式,还不是蛋白质的最终形式
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Well, insulin is a protein, it's produced by cells in the pancreas, it circulates in your blood.
胰岛素是一种蛋白质,由胰腺细胞分泌,随着血液不断在体内循环
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An alternate way is to go to the cell that's making the protein that you want.
另一种方法是,找到制造你想要的蛋白质的细胞
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It's a protein that's produced by other cells in the body and when it's enriched in a certain area it stimulates more production of red blood cells.
这种蛋白由体内的另一种细胞生成,而当其在某处富集时,就会刺激红细胞生成
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The one that's on the top here is called ligand-gated ion channel and an ion channel is a protein that sits in the surface of a cell.
最上面的这个叫作配体门控离子通道,离子通道是一类位于细胞表面的蛋白
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Often the state of a protein depends on whether it's phosphorylated or not.
蛋白的状态通常取决于,它们是否被磷酸化
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But that's not all, that protein insulin is made in the form of a long polypeptide that not - that's not always the final version of the protein.
但这还没完,这个胰岛素蛋白刚翻译完成时,还是一段长多肽的形式,还不是蛋白质的最终形式
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So, a protein that has tyrosine and it has tyrosine in a position such that it's on the outside of the protein and accessible to chemical reaction can be phosphorylated.
所以,一种蛋白质中含有酪氨酸,并且该酪氨酸位于,像蛋白质的外侧这样的位置,这样才能够发生磷酸化反应
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For now, just picture it in this simple way as a molecule, usually a protein, that's embedded in the cell membrane and many receptors have a part of them that is extracellular.
现在,我只把这种分子图示出来,受体通常是一种蛋白质,它们镶嵌在细胞膜上,很多受体还有部分结构露在细胞外
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I'll use that one as the example because it's a familiar one to most people and you know that the protein insulin is made only in your pancreas and certain cells of the pancreas.
我把它作为例子,是因为大多数人都很熟悉它,胰岛素只在胰腺中进行合成,某些胰腺细胞能够合成胰岛素
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These are two examples I just gave you of introducing genes that affect the life of a cell, either by making it express a protein that it's not making properly that's important to its life, or by intentionally killing a cell by having it express a fatal gene.
刚才我所举两个例子,都只是影响单一细胞生命过程的,无论是使无法正常表达的重要蛋白,正常表达也好,或是有意地,导入致命的基因杀死细胞也好
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DNA goes to RNA, goes to protein, that's it, and that is the way it happens in simple organisms like bacteria.
NA转录成RNA接着翻译成蛋白质,仅此而已,而这仅是细菌那样的简单有机体中的机制
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Those regions that are not are spliced out during RNA processing to form the mRNA transcript that's used to make the protein.
而这些与生成胰岛素无关的区域,在RNA剪接过程中就被剔除,从而生成转录蛋白质的mRNA
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If it's making the protein you want, it must be producing messenger RNA with that gene on it.
如果它正在制造你想要的蛋白质,它一定也在制造,你要的基因的mRNA
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That's making the cell look foreign because some of that foreign protein is on the surface with MHC1.
这使得整个细胞亦被视为外源物,因为某些外源蛋白,和MHC1共同出现在细胞表面
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It's more complicated in making protein from an RNA strand and that complication is called the genetic code.
而从一条单链RNA翻译为蛋白,这个过程更为复杂,称之为遗传密码
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It's called the G-protein coupled receptor because it's a receptor, like the one shown here, that's coupled to a special molecule called a G-protein.
之所以叫这个名字是因为这种受体,就像这里展示的一样,是与一种叫做G蛋白的特殊分子偶联的
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I don't want to go through this in detail because I assume that you know it, plus I think it's a little bit easier to read and have some time to digest, but this process of translation or conversion of messenger RNA into a protein is a complicated biological process that's occurring all the time.
我不想在这些上讲太多的细节,因为我猜你们之前都有所了解了,你们花上一点时间,就能消化这些内容,但mRNA翻译,或者说转译成蛋白质的过程,是个极其复杂的生物过程,而且每时每刻都在发生
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