It takes the right combination of wind,temperature,pressure and humidity to create even a weak tornado.
VOA: special.2010.05.11
That is, most processes that we're concerned with, they'll happen with something held constant like pressure or temperature or maybe volume.
这句话是说我们所关注的大部分过程,发生的时候都是保持某个量为常数,比如压强,温度或者体积。
So this unique temperature and unique pressure defines a triple point everywhere, and that's a great reference point.
这样,无论在何处,三相点都具有相同的温度和压强,十分适合来作参考点。
Mister Harrison had to develop a clock that was not affected by the movement of a ship on the ocean or changes in temperature or atmospheric pressure.
VOA: special.2010.07.14
We could just collect a bunch of data. For a material .What's the volume it occupies at some pressure and temperature?
对一种物质我们可以得到一系列测量数据,在给定的温度和气压下,它的体积是什么?
But we've defined the enthalpy of those elements in their stable state at room temperature and pressure as zero, right?
但我们已经定义了这些,元素处于它们室温和常压下,最稳定的状态时的焓为零,对吧?
OK, now what we'd like to do is be able to calculate any of these quantities in terms of temperature, pressure, volume properties.
现在我们想要做的是能够利用,温度,压强和体积的性质,计算上面的物理量。
On the other hand, temperature, volume and pressure are variables that are much easier in the lab to keep constant.
另一方面,温度,体积和压强,在实验室中比较容易保持恒定。
What we define as zero is the enthalpy of every element in its natural state at room temperature and ambient pressure.
我们将零点定义为每种元素,在室温和正常大气压下,在其自然状态下的焓。
And the equation of state, pressure versus volume at constant temperature, is going to have some form, let's just draw it in there like that.
系统的态函数,恒温下压强比体积,变化曲线,就像这样。
are all functions of state and parameters that we can control like temperature and pressure.
公式里面的全部都是态函数,我们控制态函数的参数比如温度或者压强。
Whereas under these conditions, these quantities, if you look at free energy change, for example at constant temperature and pressure, H you can still calculate H.
但是,在这些条件下,这些物理量,如果我们考察自由能的变化,例如在恒定的温度和压强下,我们仍然可以计算。
Hydrogen gas it's in its most stable state, right at room temperature and pressure.
和常压下氢气是氢元素,最稳定的状态,这个小“0“
For instance, the pressure and the temperature, or the volume and the pressure.
比如压强和温度,或体积和压强。
It's a state function, so we're at constant temperature and pressure, and now we want to consider some chemical change or a phase transition or you name it.
这就是态函数,我们处于恒定的温度和压强之下,然后考虑某些化学变化或者相变,或者你想考虑的东西。
There's a volume, there's a temperature, than the pressure here. There's other volume, temperature and pressure here, corresponding to this system here.
温度等状态函数有本质区别,这个状态有一组,确定的体积,温度与压强。
And so, again, we see a temperature increase, and we know the work, and the temperature increase, it's a constant pressure thing.
好,我们看到温度升高了,然后我们有做功量和温度的升高量,这是一个恒定压力下的值。
So, all I want to do now is look at the derivatives of the free energies with respect to temperature and volume and pressure.
我现在所要做的一切就是,考察自由能对,温度,体积和压强的偏导数。
And I didn't specify the conditions, but if we were to do this under ordinary chemical conditions of some, you'd say room temperature and pressure, right, they all happen spontaneously.
我并没有特别说明反应条件,但是如果我们在通常的化学条件下,实现这些化学反应,比如在室温和大气压下下,他们都是自发的。
And you can find these compressibility factors in tables. If you want to know the compressibility factors for water, for steam, at a certain pressure and temperature, you go to a table and you find it.
各种气体的压缩系数,想知道水或者水蒸气,在某个温度和压强下的,压缩系数,查表就行了,这是实际气体状态方程的。
So again with the Gibbs free energy, now I see how to determine, if I change the pressure, if I change the temperature by some modest amount, how much is the Gibbs free energy going to change?
再一次通过吉布斯自由能,我知道当我,适当的改变压强和,温度的时候,吉布斯自由能如何变化?
Now in this particular reaction, I've got hydrogen gas, iron solid. Those already are elements in their most stable forms at room temperature and pressure.
特定的反应中,我有氢气,固态铁,这些都已经是,处于室温和常压下,最稳定的元素单质。
And this volume, temperature and pressure doesn't care how you got there. It is what it is.
另一个状态,也有一组确定的体积。
We know how the volume and temperature vary with respect to each other at constant pressure.
知道在恒定压强下,体积如何随着温度变化。
Because so much of what we do in chemistry does take place with constant temperature and pressure.
因为化学中我们所做的很多东西,都是在恒定的温度和压强下进行的。
That is, it's easy to write down straight away that dG with respect to temperature at constant pressure S is minus S.
这就是说,可以很简单的写出dG在,恒定压强下对温度的偏导数,是负。
You know how pressure changes with temperature at constant volume if you know the equation of state.
如果你知道状态方程,知道在体积恒定的时压强如何随着温度变化。
There's our condition for equilibrium at constant temperature and pressure.
这就是我们在,恒定温度和压强下的平衡条件。
You just need a few macroscopic variables that are very familiar to you, like the pressure, the temperature, the volume, the number of moles of each component, the mass of the system.
你只需要某些你非常熟悉的宏观变量,比如压强,温度,体积,每个组分的摩尔数,系统的质量。
OK, you use the ideal gas law, etc., then you get a relationship that connects the pressure and the temperature, like here we got a relationship that connected the temperatures and the volumes together.
我们会得到,一个联系初末态,的压强和温度的,关系式,就像这个联系过程中。
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