This refers to random variables that have fat-tailed distributions-- random variables that occasionally give you really big outcomes.

这就表示,服从长尾分布的随机变量,这些数据出现极端值的概率比较大

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

We have instead what's called a probability density when we have continuous random variables.

所以我们用概率密度的概念来描述,连续型随机变量的情况

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

We often assume in finance that random variables, such as returns,are normally distributed.

金融学中我们常假设随机变量,例如收益率,是服从正态分布的

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

You have discrete random variables, like the one I just defined, or there are also--which take on only a finite number of values-- and we have continuous random variables that can take on any number of values along a continuum.

就像刚定义的,是一个离散型随机变量,随机变量还可以有无限种取值,也就是连续型随机变量,随机变量可以取某一区间的一切值

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

Covariance is--we'll call it--now we have two random variables, so cov... I'll just talk about it in a sample term.

协方差是...我们有两个随机变量,x和y的协方差是,从样本的角度来说

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选