The mathematical theory of probability was unknown until that time and you can see that insurance suddenly made an appearance at that time.

在那之前,概率的数学理论,是不存在的,而随着概率论的出现,保险业也突然出现了

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

The theory of insurance is that ideally an insurance company wants to insure independent events.

保险理论就是在理想状态下,保险公司为独立事件承保

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

Insurance relies on this theory of risk pooling but it has to make it work.

保险是基于风险汇聚理论的,并运用其有效降低风险

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These insurance contracts have come across gradually through time as we develop the theory and-- I'll talk about the growth of insurance and about some of the components of it.

随着保险理论的发展,保险合约逐渐被人们认同,下面我要讲一下保险的发展历程,以及其中一些值得关注的部分

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

The real insurance industry, as I mentioned before, began in the 1600s with the invention of probability theory and with the invention of life tables for-- the invention of actuarial science; but, it grew slowly.

正如我刚才所提到的,真正的保险始于17世纪,这得益于概率论,寿命表以及,精算学的产生,但是,它的发展很缓慢

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选