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But Professor Gaechter says his team's theory was that punishment has only low costs because it needs to be used rarely and works as a threat.
VOA: special.2009.03.03
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That is to say, what we're taking up this week, is as much really the history of criticism as literary theory.
也就是说，我们这周要讲的，与其说是文学理论，不如说是文学评论的历史。
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This question of determinism is as important in the discourse of literary theory as the question of skepticism.
在文学理论的话语中,决定论的问题和怀疑论的问题是同等重要的。
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Under his theory, businesses act as structures for conflict resolution.
VOA: special.2009.10.16
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And he has a theory about early life and perfectly appropriate as far as one can tell of what pre-human form he studied.
他有一个有关早期生命的理论,一般人都会觉得很正常,他研究人类之前的生命形式没有什么不合适。
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That theory is known as evolution through natural selection.
VOA: special.2009.02.25
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Now the Lady responds to what we can think of as his aristocratic debauchery with an economic theory of her own, and we haven't looked at that yet.
这位女士以我们可以想到的方式做出回应,由于对她提出的图利的理论和他本身的贵族气息的放荡，这一点我们还没有读到。
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Under this theory, the superego acts as a restraint.
VOA: special.2010.04.13
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In fact,so what we see is,the body theory is in exactly the same problem, exactly the same situation,as the personality theory.
事实上，从我们所见能得出，肉体理论，和人格理论具有一样的问题和情况。
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As a result,he was almost upstaged by a younger colleague, Alfred Russell Wallace, who developed the theory of evolution through his own research.
VOA: standard.2009.11.25
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That would mean that companies should try to push their debt-equity ratio up as high as possible given that theory.
这个理论意味这公司将,尽力提高负债权益比
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Williamson developed a theory where business firms can serve as structures to resolve conflicts.
VOA: standard.2009.10.12
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And the 0.0016 is greater than what I would have as experimental error, so your theory is wrong. Bohr says oh, yeah?
。0016比,我检测出来的错误大得多，所以你的理论是错的，波尔说，哦，是吗？
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So we're going to be doing political science or political science as it meets Game Theory for the rest of the day.
我们将在今天接下来的时间学习政治科学,亦即是政治和博弈论的结合
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But first, I just want to remind you when we're talking about molecular orbital theory, this is treating electrons as waves, so what we're actually able to do is either constructively or destructively combine atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals.
但首先，我要提醒你们,当我们讨论，分子轨道理论的时候，我们把电子看作是一种波,所以我们可以相长叠加,或者相消叠加这些原子轨道来组成分子轨道。
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And in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries this progression was viewed as an advance, which is not very surprising because the whole theory was put forward by scholars who were basically western monotheists.
在十八十九世纪，这个演变,被认为是一种进步，这并不奇怪,因为整个理论基本上都是由,西方一神论者提出的。
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They're interesting enough that they can be tested and as such they go to--they might be wrong but they graduate to the level of a scientific theory.
这些极富价值的理论是非常值得去验证的,也许它们本身有可能是错的,但是它们却是科学的理论。
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A narrative theory is always talking with some satisfaction about how there's no such thing in fiction as irrelevant detail.
一个叙述性的理论通常都在讲述,小说中没有细节是完全和主题无关的这一满足感。
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That makes the subject matter that we'll be discussing this week, as I say, as much a part of the history of criticism as it is of literary theory.
这样一来，我们这周的内容就变得至关重要了，就像我说过的那样，我们将学习到文学理论方面,乃至评论史上重要的一章。
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As we saw in the last lecture, the elder brother holds an entirely different theory of chastity, and of course, it's a lot more optimistic.
我们上一讲中看到,年长的哥哥对贞节有完全不同的看法，当然那是乐观许多的。
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And it certainly looks as though if you don't believe in souls, you have to accept the body theory of personal identity.
而且很明显,如果你不信灵魂论，你就只能接受,人格同一性的肉体论了。
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And if we are not willing to accept that implication, it seems as though we need to reject the soul theory of personal identity.
如果我们不愿,接受这种结论，似乎,我们就需要拒绝承认,人格同一性的灵魂论。
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All of that is the legacy of literary theory, and as I say, it arises in part from the element of skepticism that I thought it best to emphasize today.
这都是文学理论的遗产，我说过，它部分源自于怀疑论元素,我想最好在今天强调一下。
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One theory is that, well it's, as people say, I'm going back to Los Angeles.
理由之一就是,如大家所说,先回到洛杉矶
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Now there's another way of organizing this that's standard in Game Theory, so we may as well get used to it now on the first day.
下面再用博弈论的标准方式来整理信息,从今天以后大家要习惯用这种标准
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I want to talk about Kahneman and Tversky's Prospect Theory, which is a very important and a little technical-- psychologists can become mathematical and technical as well.
我会谈到,卡尼曼和特维斯基的前景理论,这是很重要的理论,同时需要一定的数学计算,心理学家也可以精于计算,和擅用技巧
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That is to say for many, many, many people literary theory had something to do with the end of civilization as we know it.
这就是说对于很多很多人来说,文学理论与,我们所知道的文明的结束有些关联。
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so it is as crucial as ever to understand theory At the same time, we have the vantage point of, I suppose, what we can now call history.
因此去理解理论一直以来都是至关重要的,以此同时我想，我们处在，历史的有利位置。
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Literary theory, as I say, is skeptical about the foundations of its subject matter and also, in many cases, about the foundations of what it itself is doing.
就像我说的，文学理论，是对创作题材的怀疑,在很多情况下，也是对自身所做之事的基础的怀疑。
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Well, the odd thing is it's exactly the same with Saussure, who can be considered the father or patriarch of a certain kind of literary theory as I have just indicated.
索绪尔也是这样，他可以说是,某种文学理论之父了。
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