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Thermodynamicstalks about equilibrium systems and how to go from one state of equilibrium to another state of equilibrium.
热力学研究的是平衡系统,以及如何,从一个平衡态转变到另一个平衡态。
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I think that there's definitely a class system, but I also feel like everyone is very accessible,
我觉得，毫无疑问，这是种阶层系统，但我也感觉何种人都很容易接触到。
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The reason for that is because all of this is connected, so we're moving electrons everywhere in the system.
这个现象的原因是因为,它们全部都是连接起来的，所以在这个系统中,电子移动到所有地方。
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And the cause of some thermodynamics have even been applied to economics, systems out of equilibrium, like big companies like Enron, you know, completely out of equilibrium, crash and burn.
热力学中的一些观点,甚至被应用到经济学中，非平衡态系统，比如像安永那样大公司,彻底偏离平衡态,最后破产了。
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Chapters 11 through 15 cover the dietary system, the dietary laws as well as the ritual purity laws.
1到15章节讲了饮食系统，饮食教规和宗教仪式的纯度法律。
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You can touch almost any part of memory in the computer systems that you want with your program, but do you want to?
通过你的程序，你可以触及到计算机系统,内存的任意部分，但是那是你想要的吗？
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We now know what the scientific basis of that is, it involves activation of our immune system.
我们都知道这样做的科学依据,这牵涉到激活你的免疫系统
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Now, you can see why I'm talking about systemic effects.
现在你明白为什么我要说到系统性作用了
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And to give you, again, a feeling for the complexity of these systems, the cerebellum contains approximately 30 billion neurons.
小脑包含大约三百万个神经元,这也能够让你再次体会到,这些系统的复杂性
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So suppose,gruesome as it was,this weekend I'm in some horrible accident and my torso gets destroyed and they keep my brain on life support, oxygenating it just long enough to do some radical surgery into some spare torsos.
来做个可怕的假设，我在周末惨遭事故,肉体完全损坏，只剩大脑靠系统维持生命，持续补氧到能被高超手术植入另外的身体。
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They're small molecules that - whose principal function in the body is to carry signals from one cell in the nervous system to another.
它们都是小分子,在体内主要功能是在,神经系统内将信号,从一个细胞传导到另一个细胞
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So, if we want to go from that stable state to that less stable state, we need to put in a certain amount of energy to our system, that difference between the free electron and the electron bound to the metal.
所以，如果我们想使电子,从稳态到达不够稳定的状态，我们需要引入一定数量的,能量到系统中，即自由电子和束缚于金属的,电子的能量差。
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You have in chapters 1 through 7 the sacrificial system.
到7章节讲的是献祭系统。
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Remember, because that 1 s orbital is all the way down in terms of if we're thinking about an energy diagram, we're all the way down here, so we have a huge amount of energy we have to put into the system in order to eject an electron.
还记得吧，因为1，s，轨道在能量示意图里,是在最底部的，我们要一直到最下面，所以我们要向这个系统注入非常大的能量,才能打出一个电子。
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If you've ever noticed, Mac OS has its Apple menu on the top left and Windows has its start menu in the bottom left, really for no compelling reason.
如果你注意到，你会发现，Mac操作系统,在其左上角是Apple菜单，Windows却把它的开始菜单,放在左下角，毫无理由可言。
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So it applies to macroscopic systems that are in equilibrium, and how to go from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state, and it's entirely empirical in its foundation.
因此，热力学研究的是平衡态的宏观系统,以及如何从,一个平衡态过渡到另一个平衡态，它完全是建立在经验的基础上的。
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It's the way, for example, that foreign molecules or antigens get presented to cells of your immune system in order to start the process of making an immune response, so sometimes a cell/cell interaction.
通过这种方式,外源分子,或者说抗原,进入到免疫系统的细胞中后,就会开启免疫反应过程,有时候就是细胞之间的相互作用
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So, I have a bacteria infection, stimulates my immune system, I start making antibodies that bind to an antigen specific to that bacteria.
所以 如果我被细菌感染了,我的免疫系统被激活,开始制造抗体,这些抗体结合到细菌特异性的抗原上
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It's not just municipal governments, but a lot of different aspects of our financial system are going to be touched by a crisis that's spreading from one segment to another.
不仅仅是地方政府,还有很多不同的金融系统领域,都要被影响,危机波及到一个领域又一个领域
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So that is a flag that tells the compiler that I want to use or link into my own program code that someone else wrote that lives somewhere else on the system whose moniker is CS50.
所以那是一个标记，用来告诉编译器我想使用,或连接我自己的程序代码到一个叫做CS50的系统中的程序,可能其他人在那个系统写了这些程序。
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Other cells in the immune system recognizing that this is a foreign molecule, but is being presented in the context of a 'self' cell.
免疫系统中的其他一些细胞,识别到它是非己物质,但它已经被识别为己方细胞
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these things are explained in terms of cognitive systems that we're not aware of.
我们无法觉察到的认知系统,予以解释。
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It has to be complex, because we're asking the immune system to be able to respond to every potential foreign pathogen that we come into contact with.
免疫系统是十分复杂的,因为我们需要免疫系统,能够对我们身体接触到的,任何潜在的外来病原体进行反应
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We'll come back to this in our example in the cardiovascular system when we're talking about the heart and we'll talk about how to measure the collective group of action potentials using EKG's.
这个我们回头再谈,等到我们在心血管系统的例子中,说到心脏时再说,我们会谈到如何通过,心电图测量群体动作电位
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Here, I've just picked a couple of the pictures that I showed you last time when we were talking about cell communication in the immune system, What happens after the vaccine is introduced into your body is that it initiates cellular events.
我挑选了,我上次给你们展示的几幅图片,当我们讨论到,免疫系统中的细胞沟通时,讲到过当人体接种疫苗之后,能够触发,细胞活动
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We'll talk about artificial organs and we'll talk about systems biology or thinking about how to acquire information for things like gene chips and use that information to understand what's happening in a complex organism like you.
我们会讨论到人造器官和系统生物学,并探讨如何从基因芯片中得到信息,并利用这些信息了解,人体作为一种复杂有机体的内在变化
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If you go on to study more about immunology, which I know most of you will, you will recognize that I'm-- this is just the simplest level of one of the most complex systems within our body.
当你们更加深入了解免疫学时,我知道大多数人会的,你们将会意识到,我现在只是对免疫系统,这一人体内最复杂的系统做最基础的介绍
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So now let's try looking at something V2 where are V1 goes to V2.
现在我们考察一个过程,这个过程中系统的体积从V1变到。
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How do your kidneys know what the status is of inside your blood, They know that because they receive signals from the endocrine system and the nervous system.
肾脏何以得知血液组分的状态,它们能够知道这些是因为它们接收到,来自内分泌系统和神经系统的信号
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For example, HIV enters cells of the immune system by binding to a receptor called CD4.
比如,HIV通过与CD4的受体结合,进入到免疫系统细胞中
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