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Most of what we do these days, our methods, our theories, our ideas, are shaped, to some extent, by Piaget's influence.
我们这些天所讲的,各种方法,理论,思想,它们的形成都在一定程度上,受到了皮亚杰的影响
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Right, so the fundamental idea then, is, I want to glue together information, I want to take pieces of data that naturally belong together, glue them together, and attach some methods to it.
放在一起的数据拿出来，把它们放到一起，然后把一些方法附加上去,这些，你知道的，是很长的一个定义，让我们来看个例子吧。
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It's also important, once we start talking about molecules, to have a way to represent them, and also to be able to look at a shorthand notation for a certain molecule and understand what the bond is.
还有很重要一点是，一旦我们开始讨论分子，我们需要有一种表示它们的方法，而且能够从中看出,某些分子的简化符号，并得知键的类型。
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These are setups of pieces on the chess board that have particular solutions. And they're very complex, and they have a kind of aesthetic form to them.
象棋有些设置是有专门的,解决方法的，很复杂，它们有一种美学在里面。
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The more and more of this I did, the more I learned how to automate more of it because the Internet was just coming up.
我做这些做得越多，就了解更多怎样让它们自动化的方法,因为互联网出现了。
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No one has a clue on how I can go back from these to that?
难道没人能给出倒求出它们的方法吗
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We can say there's a great deal to learn about what people think literature is and we can develop very interesting kinds of thinking about the variety of ways in which these ideas are expressed.
可以说，关于人们对文学的定义,我们还有很多需要学习,我们也能从它们的各种不同的表达方法中,产生有趣的想法。
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And what they did was they used a sucking method.
它们应用了一种吮吸的方法
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They take it, the vaccine itself, the virus, reproduces in their gut and they can actually spread it to other children in the same way that they spread the disease where you've got children that are maybe at school or at childcare.
他们服用了疫苗,则疫苗菌本体,病毒本体便在他们的体内进行繁殖,实际它们以同样方法传播到其他孩子体内,当你去学校或者幼儿园,接你的孩子的时候,这些病毒正在传播
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And the problem is, that we want to build this abstract data type, but we'd like to basically know what kind of object is it, and what functions actually belong to it, how do we use them?
然后我对它们运行了这个方法，就是这一小段代码这个方法,这有意义么？,当然没有了，对不对？,因为你知道，当你把两个极坐标，表示的点进行相加运算的时候？
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There's a way to actually grind down and prepare the flour, so that you promote the enzymes within the plant to breakdown the cyanide precursors.
有一种方法是将它们磨碎，做成粉，这样就可以促进它们本身带有,酶将氰化物的前驱体分解掉。
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So as I said, they're going to be identical in terms of making the decision that way.
因此就像我说的，如果用这种方法来判断,它们应该是完全相同的。
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Another way to talk about different types is to think about which ion they're selected for.
另一种方法是通过,看它们是针对哪种离子的。
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So what would I want to do? I'd like to somehow walk down each of the digits one at a time and add them up. Ah, that's a looping mechanism, right? I need to have some way of walking through them.
去取这个数的,每个数字然后把他们加起来,啊，这是个循环机制对不对？,我得找到一个遍历它们的方法,一种简单的方法可能。
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I, somehow if, I want to walk through some sequence of data structures, gathering up or doing the same thing, adding ages in until I get a total age and then divide by the number faculty.
我想，以某种方法，来遍历,一些数据结构，把它们相同的属性加到一起，就是一直的把年龄加到一起一直到,得到了一个年龄总数,然后除以员工的数目。
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You should know at all times how you measure anything.
自始至终你们都应该知道,它们的测量方法
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And there are ways to prepare these, this kind of thinking more along the food science idea.
而让它们可以食用的处理方法是存在的，可见食品科学是多么有意义。
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And when we talk about any type of ion channel, there are just tons of different kinds of ion channels, and you can characterize them in a few different ways.
而当我们讨论任何一种离子通道时，离子通道有非常多种，你可以用几种不同的方法来描述它们。
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So, let's go back to the notes, and let's fill these in, seven electrons. Another way you could have known them was to look at Lewis' notes here, where if look at this box carefully you see there are seven dots around the cube, so there are his seven valence electrons.
那么，让我们回到讲义，把它们填进去，七个电子，还有另外一种方法可以知道这些,那就是看看路易斯的讲义这里，大家可以看到这个立方体周围有七个点,因此有七个价电子。
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Well let's take a step back for a minute; that's one way of looking at Biomedical Engineering, by looking at sort of the things that you know about that have been the result of the work of biomedical engineers and talk more generally.
好的,话说回来,了解生物医学工程的一种方法就是,通过看一些你们熟悉的东西,它们同时也是,生物医学工程的研究成果,并对它们做一般意义上的讲解
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That's a lot of the literature of stem cells that you'll read about, taking a particular source of stem cell and nurturing it in such a way that it gains potentials that it didn't have necessarily when it was in the body, or exploiting those potentials that it wouldn't necessarily express.
现在你可以找到很多,有关干细胞的文献中讲到,提取一种特定来源的干细胞,通过特定的培养方法之后,它们会获得在体内不能获得的潜能,或者开拓一些在体内不能得到表达的潜能
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In the same way cells get activated but these are different cells, these are T helper cells that get activated by MHC2.
以相同方法另一些不同的细胞也被激活,它们是被MHC2激活的T附助细胞
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Sometimes the functions -- sometimes a function can be used on multiple data types, plus, for example, we saw could add strings, or could add ints, but each one of those data types has associated with it a set of functions that are geared to handling them.
比如说，我们可以对string类型,进行add操作,也可以对int类型进行这个操作，但是这些数据类型中的每一种，都与适合于操作它们的,方法集相关联,我们想对我们创建的数据,类型做同样的事情。
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But since in drawing Lewis structures actually, in some cases you do, you can draw a dotted line that means a 1 and 1/2 bond, but most in most cases, we just draw out both resonance structures, and the way that we say it's a resonance structure is that we put it in the brackets and we put an arrow between it.
但是由于在画路易斯结构时,其实，在某些情况下是可以的，你可以画一条虚线来表示一又二分之一键，但是在多数情况下，我们就把两个结构都画出来，而我们说这是一个共振结构的表示的方法是,把它们放在括号里，并在中间放一个双箭头。
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