Washback, which can be positive or negative, generally refers to the influence of testing on teaching and learning.
反拨效应是指测试对教与学的影响，其影响可能是积极的，也有可能是消极的。
Washback, which can be positive or negative, generally refers to the influence of testing on teaching and learning.
反拨效应是指测试对教与学的影响，其影响可能是积极的，也有可能是消极的。
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