局域差分gps认为在距离参考站较近的区域内，观测误差具有相关性。参考站将观测量与理论值之差作为差分改正数发送给用户进行差分改正。
Using GPS observation data from differential GPS reference stations, several errors, which can't modeled, were solved and sent to user around these reference station.
采用测距三角高程法进行跨河水准测量，可以不量取仪器高，但观测值中有两类不同的观测量。
When completed river crossing leveling by means of trigonometric leveling with distance measurement, there are two types of observed values.
卡尔曼滤波方法已广泛应用于动态测量数据的处理，其单位权方差通常按新息向量和观测值的残差向量进行计算，增加了观测值残差向量的计算。
Kalman filtering method is widely used in data adjustment of dynamic surveying system, whose unit variance is usually computed with innovation vector of parameters and residual vector of observations.
本文从实用观点出发，建立了四维整体大地测量实用模型，并给出了地面观测值的观测方程。
The practical models of the four dimensional integrated geodesy is established in the practical point of view;
本文从实用观点出发，建立了四维整体大地测量实用模型，并给出了地面观测值的观测方程。
The practical models of the four dimensional integrated geodesy is established in the practical point of view;
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