5月公布的评估结果增加了投资者对美国银行体系的信心。
The release of the assessment results in May increased investor confidence in the U.S. banking system.
监管机构用了一个周末的时间酝酿恢复对美国银行体系信心的最新策略。
Regulators had spent the weekend crashing out their latest strategy to restore confidence to America's battered banking system.
金融衍生品将美国银行业暴露于欧洲违约风险的敞口之下，因此美国银行体系或许遭到破坏。
Derivatives expose US Banks to a European default, so the US banking system itself might unravel.
此类消息加剧了投资者的恐慌情绪，他们认为美国银行体系最糟糕的情况还没有结束，还有一些投资者担心银行倒闭。
The news fanned fears that the worst isn't over for the American banking system, and some investors are worried about bank failures.
银行家们丰厚的薪酬招致了很多批评，但对美国来说，不奖励高成就者的公共部门体系可能是一个更大的问题。
Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.
到目前为止的故事是这样的：跟美国一样，在2008年以前的几年里，欧洲的银行体系失去控制，债务迅速增加。
The story so far: In the years leading up to the 2008 crisis, Europe, like America, had a runaway banking system and a rapid buildup of debt.
在美国和其他地方，很多注意力都集中在了银行体系的修补上。
In the us and elsewhere, much attention was focused on fixing the banking system.
尽管贝尔斯登不是一个被完全规管的机构，但在美国金融体系错综复杂的网络中，投资银行的地位太核心，因此绝对不容许倒下。
Even though Bear is not a fully regulated institution, the investment bank was deemed too central to the complex web of America's financial system to be allowed to fail.
美国近来制裁了哈马斯控制的主要银行，但横跨边境的非常规哈瓦拉体系保证了加沙地区的兑现能力。
America recently imposed sanctions on the main Hamas-owned bank, but the informal hawala banking system that straddles the border keeps the strip solvent.
欧洲银行体系比美国的大得多：有91家银行接受测试，而华尔街只有19家。
Europe's banking system is far bigger than America's: 91 Banks are being tested, compared with 19 on Wall Street.
大的欧洲银行也同样烦恼：首先，它们的所有美国分行将要服从于这一体系。
Big European Banks are irritated too. First, because any American subsidiary they have will be subject to the same regime.
这是因为它们帮助化解了当时更为紧迫的、可能令美国整个银行体系崩溃的信心危机。
That's because they helped end the more pressing crisis of confidence, which was threatening to take down the entire U.S. banking system.
正如美国和其它西方国家发现的那样，贷款长时期过快增长，银行体系有可能崩溃。
And if credit grows too quickly for too long the system tends to explode, as America and some other Western countries have found.
人们经常批评银行高管的高薪，但是没有成就奖励的公共部门薪酬体系才是美国的大问题。
Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.
欧洲银行业的失察，至少是系统化的体系应该信赖欧洲广泛的尽管模式高于美国的FDIC。
European banking oversight, at least of systemic institutions, should be entrusted to a Europe-wide supervisor modelled on America's FDIC.
然而，在银行体系中的最薄弱的环节，花旗银行和美国银行相继爆出惊人的利润，这场辩论慢慢消失了。
The debate faded out, however, after Citigroup and Bank of America, the banking system’s weakest links, announced surprise profits.
美国诸银行已有这样的体系，它们由联邦储蓄保险公司监管。
Such a system already exists for American banks that are regulated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
所以说，美国的银行体系实际上已处于总体资不抵债的状态，而英国银行体系的大部分和欧洲大陆的很多银行看来也是一样。
So, the US banking system is effectively insolvent in the aggregate; most of the British banking system looks insolvent, too, as do many continental European Banks.
纽约美国联邦储备银行于是设计了顺序回收基金的方案，以免它的问题扩大影响到全球金融体系。
The New York Federal Reserve Bank eventually engineered an orderly unwinding of the fund to prevent its problems from rippling out through the global financial system.
根据英国银行数据，2007年底，美国和欧洲银行体系的核心资本比率将近6%。
The American and European systems actually had a core-capital ratio of nearer 6% at the end of 2007, according to the Bank of England.
10月13日，保尔森向美国最大的九家金融机构推介了这项向银行体系注资的方案，此时距离财政部提出该计划仅仅过去了11天的时间。
Just 11 days later, Treasury had come up with a plan to inject capital into the Banks - which Mr. Paulson sold to the nation's nine largest financial institutions on Oct. 13.
我在普林斯顿大学的同事申铉松(Hyun Song Shin)最近向我指出，美国的影子银行体系主要由欧洲银行组成。
My colleague Hyun Song Shin at Princeton has pointed out to me lately that the shadow banking system in the US is largely European Banks.
美国的ContinentalIllinois银行和英国的Johnson Matthey Bankers银行都在1984年被解救，因为规管者判断，这些银行已经足够大到，如果它们倒闭，将会撼动整个金融体系。
Continental Illinois in America and Johnson Matthey Bankers in Britain were rescued in 1984, because regulators judged that the Banks were large enough to rock the whole system should they go bust.
美国的ContinentalIllinois银行和英国的Johnson Matthey Bankers银行都在1984年被解救，因为规管者判断，这些银行已经足够大到，如果它们倒闭，将会撼动整个金融体系。
Continental Illinois in America and Johnson Matthey Bankers in Britain were rescued in 1984, because regulators judged that the Banks were large enough to rock the whole system should they go bust.
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