西非经济货币联盟包括央银。 。
West African Economic Monetary Union including the central bank.
本文首先介绍经济一体化的一般理论和最优货币区理论，并简要回顾欧盟以及欧洲经济货币联盟成立的过程。
This paper first introduces general theories of economic integration and optimal currency area and reviews the history of European Union and European economic and Monetary Union.
1991年由当时欧洲共同体12个成员国签署的协议。该协议确定这个集团加入欧洲经济货币联盟的时间表和标准。
An agreement signed in 1991 by the 12 member nations of the the European Community, that set the timetable and criteria for Economic and Monetary Union within the bloc.
当资本流入停滞的时候，经济崩溃可能是非常痛苦的——如果固定汇率(或货币联盟)要求名义工资和价格在一定时期内下降，情况就更加糟糕。
The economic collapse, when inflows of capital halt, can be very painful - even more so if a fixed exchange rate (or currency union) demands a period of falling nominal wages and prices.
货币联盟还保护了德国工业的竞争力，从而让德国经济在国内需求停滞的情况依然得以增长。
The currency union has also protected the competitiveness of German industry and so allowed the economy to grow, despite the stagnation of domestic demand.
但随着固定汇率不再固定的例子频频出现，经济历史也因此蒙黑，货币联盟不团结的现象尽管鲜见，但有时还是会发生。
But economic history is littered with examples of fixed exchange rates that came unfixed; the disuniting of currency unions, though rarer, happens from time to time.
1991年欧洲峰会在荷兰的马斯特里赫特举行，同时实现经济和货币联盟的计划也被写入新的欧盟条约，但是稍后有待于成员国批准。
Yet by the time a 1991 European summit was held in the Dutch city of Maastricht, a plan for economic and monetary union (EMU) was written into a new EU treaty, to be ratified by member states later.
欧洲经济与货币联盟（EMU）是否仍然存在？
Will European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) still exist?
欧元区边缘国家持续恶化的债务危机使人们开始再次担心这16个经济情况各异的主权国家组成的货币联盟是否还能继续生存下去。
The worsening debt crisis on the euro zone's periphery has reawakened concerns about the viability of a currency union that encompasses 16 sovereign nations with disparate economies.
根据“欧元条约”，各国可以进行经济和财政政策的尝试以更好的应对货币联盟中的困难，例如增加工资的灵活性。
Under a "pact for the euro" there will be economic and fiscal workouts that will allow countries to cope better with the rigours of monetary union-including, for example, greater wage flexibility.
今年九月，因为以德国为首的十六成员货币联盟经济信心指数达到近三年的最高点，欧元地区的消费者和企业信心猛增。
Consumer and business confidence rose in the euro area in September, with Germany leading the economic-sentiment indicator for the 16-member currency union close to a three-year high.
其他人则会说，在欧元区这个货币联盟中，各成员国情况相异，爆发问题只是迟早的事：即使不是希腊，其它经济实力较弱的成员国也可能成为诱因。
Others would claim that woe was sure to befall such a disparate currency union sooner or later: if not Greece, then some other weak member of the club would have been the cause.
孟德尔和马库斯·弗莱明在国际货币基金组织共同开发了另一个对促成货币联盟形成同样重要的概念——“不可能的三位一体”，这一观点进入了经济学教科书。
Equally important to the decision to join a monetary union was another of Mundell’s insights, developed with Marcus Fleming at the International Monetary Fund, which entered the economics textbooks.
贝利说：“我们已经提到需要加强这个经济和货币联盟的经济部分。”
"We already mentioned the need to strengthen the economic part of the economic and monetary union," Bailly said.
当欧元被引进时，即便是怀疑这都在想，在当前的货币联盟成员国之间的经济状况将很快变得平衡。
When the euro was introduced, even skeptics thought the economic situations among currency-union members would soon balance out.
根据“欧元条约”，各国可以进行经济和财政政策的尝试以更好的应对货币联盟中的困难，例如增加工资的灵活性。
Under a "pact for the euro" there will be economic and fiscal workouts that will allow countries to cope better with the rigours of monetary union—including, for example, greater wage flexibility.
经济与货币联盟已创造了一个有待填补的政策真空。
这些目标不仅可以确保稳定的经济环境，同时也保证了加入欧元区国家间一定水平的融合程度，从而使得经济和货币联盟能够正常运作。
These targets ensure not only stable economic conditions but also a DE GREe of convergence between participating member states which allows EMU to function smoothly.
对于明年一月一日为欧洲货币联盟而实施的经济一体化，我们尤感兴趣。
In particular, we are watching with interest the economic convergence for European Monetary Union on 1 January next year.
到欧洲经济和货币联盟的时候。
我们已经提到强化这个经济和货币联盟在经济方面的作用的必要。
OLIVIER BAILLY: "We already mentioned the need to strengthen the economic part of the economic and monetary union."
尽管经济和货币联盟已成立了三年，在写本文的时候，印花税票的调整、 需求方面的差异都在抑制泛欧洲资产管理市场。
Regulatory , fiscal and demand-side differences are at the time of writing holding back a Pan European asset management market, despite three years of EMU.
的翻译是：代表，欧洲经济与货币联盟的国际机构如国际货币基金组织是在等待进一步讨论和协商的问题。
The representation of the EMU within international institutions such as the IMF is a matter awaiting further discussions and consultations.
的翻译是：代表，欧洲经济与货币联盟的国际机构如国际货币基金组织是在等待进一步讨论和协商的问题。
The representation of the EMU within international institutions such as the IMF is a matter awaiting further discussions and consultations.
应用推荐