我们通常能在页岩层和黏板岩层中发现蕨类植物，芦苇和其它植物的叶子，但是这些叶子都完全转变为了煤。
The leaves of ferns, reeds, and other plants, are frequently found between layers of shale or slaty clay, beautifully perfect, but converted into coal.
放顶煤工作面与非放顶煤工作面的区别是，采空区充填系数小，顶板岩层运动剧烈，走向方向超前支承应力峰值较大。
The differences between the coal drawing face and non-coal drawing face are low stowing factor in the goaf, vigorous movement of roof, and high stress peak abutment pressure along the strike.
从而提出石圪节煤矿残留煤柱顶板岩层具有明显的薄板特征、波动特征的基本顶载荷是支架选型的关键因素及综采回收矿井残留煤柱支架选型的依据。
Thereby it can be seen that the load of Shi ge-jie mine coal pillar roof with sheet character and fluctuate character are the key factors of support selecting.
巷道与上部煤柱边缘之间的水平距离X，是底板岩巷和邻近煤层巷道布置的重要参数。
The horizontal distance X between roadway and the edge of its upper pillar is an important parameter for roadway layout in floor strata and adjacent coal seams.
针对顶板岩层对煤体冲击的影响作用机理，采用实验室物理模拟试验、UDEC4。
Aiming at the influence effects of roof stratum on rock burst, the research methods of physical simulation experiment in laboratory, UDEC 4.
留设保护煤柱时，底板岩巷应位于集中应力区的外侧或跨采时工作面应推过足够距离，使巷道靠近采空区应力恢复区的下方。
The floor roadway should be located out of the abutment stress zone when protection coal pillar is retained, or the working face should be pushed away for enough distance under overhead mining.
留设保护煤柱时，底板岩巷应位于集中应力区的外侧或跨采时工作面应推过足够距离，使巷道靠近采空区应力恢复区的下方。
The floor roadway should be located out of the abutment stress zone when protection coal pillar is retained, or the working face should be pushed away for enough distance under overhead mining.
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