西方学术界在研究中国近代史中使用了三种基本模式，即“冲击—回应”、“传统—近代”和“帝国主义”模式。

In the western academic circles, three patterns are used in the course of research on China's modern history. They are "charge-response", "the past-modern times" and "imperialism" .

youdao

西方学术界在研究中国近代史中使用了三种基本模式，即“冲击—回应”、“传统—近代”和“帝国主义”模式。

In the western academic circles, three patterns are used in the course of research on China's modern history. They are "charge-response", "the past-modern times" and "imperialism" .

youdao