因此在上一个十年里，我们得到了大量的基因组序列：大多数人类病原体，数种植物，多种昆虫和哺乳动物，包括人类的基因组。
So in the last decade, a large number of genomes have been added: most human pathogens, a couple of plants, several insects and several mammals, including the human genome.
我们现在已经有了像神经成像和全基因组扫描那样的工具来搜寻与阿尔茨海默氏症有关的基因，以及经一大批经过长时间随访的人群样本。
We now have such tools as neuroimaging and genome-wide scans that hunt for genes related to risk, as well as big samples of people who've been followed over time.
自从人类基因组计划完成后，令生物学家迷惑不解的是：动物(线虫、苍蝇和人类)好像都有相同数目的组成蛋白质的基因——大概20,000个。
Ever since the human-genome project was completed, it has puzzled biologists that animals, be they worms, flies or people, all seem to have about the same number of genes for proteins-around 20, 000.
像其他古生菌一样，这种古生菌的基因组同时与真核生物和细菌的基因组具有一些相似性。
Like other archaeans, their genomes share some similarities with both eukaryotes and bacteria.
Yang博士坦率地说，千人基因组计划可以揭示人类基因的地缘差异或揭示政策失误和种族差异。
Dr Yang is also candid about the possibility of the 1, 000-genome project revealing systematic geographical differences in human genetics-or, to put it politically incorrectly, racial differences.
Yang博士坦率地说，千人基因组计划可以揭示人类基因的地缘差异或揭示政策失误和种族差异。
Dr Yang is also candid about the possibility of the 1,000-genome project revealing systematic geographical differences in human genetics-or, to put it politically incorrectly, racial differences.
如果你有突变体基因，那这个突变基因有可能和人类基因组中的有利基因共同表达。
If you have the mutant gene, that might be co-expressed with favourable components of the human genome.
比如，在蜜蜂种群中，工蜂和兵蜂拥有相同的基因组，但不同的基因被激活而赋予了它们不同的行为方式和外表。
For instance, in social bees, both the workers and guards have the same genomes but different genes get activated to give them distinct behaviors and appearances.
然而，如果血液和组织细胞在基因上原本并不一致，那么就证明那些雄心勃勃而又昂贵的全基因组相关的研究很可能一开始就有本质上的缺陷。
However, if it turns out that blood and tissue cells do not match genetically, these ambitious and expensive genome-wide association studies may prove to have been essentially flawed from the outset.
比如说，廉价快速的全基因组测序使得对单个病人癌细胞和健康细胞进行全基因组测序成为可能，看看到底哪些基因发生了变化。
Cheap and rapid whole-genome sequencing will, for example, make it possible to sequence the entire genomes of cancerous and healthy cells in individual patients to see what has changed.
除了基因组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学，科学家还在使用化学基因组学，这是一种逆转标准的药物发现过程的方法。
As well as genomics, proteomics and metabolomics, scientists are also using chemical genomics, an approach that reverses the standard drug discovery process.
最后，似乎很少或根本没有人认为喜爱以转基因作物逆转座子横行与人类和家畜的形式来发泄到人类基因组之上的浩劫。
Finally, little or no thought seems to have been given to the havoc that could be wreaked upon the human genome by GM crop retrotransposon running amok within humans and farm animals.
从人类基因组计划数据库中获取基因的信息可以帮助科学家对肿瘤样本中的相关基因进行定位和拷贝。
Obtaining the details of these genes from the genome project's databases made it possible for the researchers to locate and make copies of each relevant gene from each cancer sample.
诺沃西比尔斯克和德国的科学家们正在将具有攻击性的老鼠的基因组和性情友善的老鼠的基因组进行比对，试图解开DNA和行为之间的联系。
Scientists at Novosibirsk and in Germany are comparing the aggressive rat genome to that of rats selected for friendliness, attempting to untangle connections between DNA and behavior.
这项被称之为“宏基因组”(也有人称其为“元基因组”)的新技术极大地拓展了人们对于海洋(以及其他许多地方，比如温泉和动物的内脏)中的微生物的了解和认识。
Metagenomics, as the new technique is known, has vastly extended knowledge of what bugs live in the sea-and in many other places, from hot springs to animals' guts.
他们对人类和黑猩猩的基因组上各部分进行核对，并识别出基因组间分化的程度。
They aligned sections of the human and chimpanzee genomes and identified how much they diverged.
一个叫做表观修饰(表观遗传学)的过程——它关闭了那些对环境刺激起反应的基因——可能使得他们起作用的基因组和实际的基因组不一致。
A process called epigenesis, which shuts down genes in response to environmental prompts, may make their effective genomes different from their actual ones.
基因、染色体与基因组的结构和功能。
相比较而言，光学标测则可以测量基因组的绝对长度，并快速发现两个基因组之间的长度和结构差异。
Optical mapping, by contrast, can estimate the absolute length of a genome and quickly detect differences in length and structure between two genomes.
如果基因组是人类细胞部件的清单，那么某些蛋白质是生产管理者，可以依照需要激活和去活化基因。
If the genome is the parts list of the human cell, certain proteins are the production managers, activating and deactivating genes as needed.
Bejerano和同事们从黑猩猩的基因组提取开关信息，把它们附加到一组可以报告的基因上，当生物发育时，科学家们可以跟踪这组基因的影响。
Bejerano and colleagues took the switch information from a chimpanzee's genome and essentially "hooked it up" to a reporter gene, a gene whose effects scientists can track as an organism develops.
人类基因组的20000个蛋白编码基因中，这些指定编码突触蛋白的1461个基因占百分之七以上，这表明了突触的复杂性和重要性。
The 1, 461 genes that specify these synaptic proteins constitute more than 7 percent of the human genome's 20, 000 protein-coding genes, an indication of the synapse's complexity and importance.
我们的研究表明，只有对基因组编码区的深入分析，这些核心通路和调节过程的基因改变才能被发现。
Our data indicate that genetically altered core pathways and regulatory processes only become evident once the coding regions of the genome are analyzed in depth.
人类基因组的20000个蛋白编码基因中，这些指定编码突触蛋白的1461个基因占百分之七以上，这表明了突触的复杂性和重要性。
The 1,461 genes that specify these synaptic proteins constitute more than 7 percent of the human genome's 20,000 protein-coding genes, an indication of the synapse's complexity and importance.
在基因和基因组水平上分析这些序列的结构特征是亟待解决的问题。
It is the most pressing task to analyze these sequences at gene and genome level.
这个研究团队由来自10个国家38个组织的人员组成，他们确定了野生草莓基因组的全套序列，并分离出了负责制造滋味、香味和营养价值的基因，以及负责抵抗疾病的基因。
A team from 38 organisations across ten countries sequenced the full genome of the fruit and identified genes that might be responsible for flavour, aroma, nutritional value and response to disease.
这个研究团队由来自10个国家38个组织的人员组成，他们确定了野生草莓基因组的全套序列，并分离出了负责制造滋味、香味和营养价值的基因，以及负责抵抗疾病的基因。
A team from 38 organisations across ten countries sequenced the full genome of the fruit and identified genes that might be responsible for flavour, aroma, nutritional value and response to disease.
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