拜罗伊特大学的土壤科学家布鲁诺·格拉泽研究了亚马逊中部几块出人意料的肥沃土壤。
Bruno Glaser, a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth, has studied unexpected patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon.
在现代农业中，土壤的矿物损耗是一个主要的问题，因为收割农作物会中断养分的循环，使其无法重新回到土壤中。
In modern agriculture, mineral depletion of soils is a major concern, since harvesting crops interrupts the recycling of nutrients back to the soil.
养分和矿物质容易从沙质土壤中流失，因此沙质土壤往往较为贫瘠。
Sandy soils are prone to the leaching of nutrients and minerals and so tend to be nutritionally poor.
由于庞大的体积和重量，现在的农业机械有显著的缺点：它们会把土壤压实，降低土壤孔隙度，杀死有益的生命，这意味着农作物不会长得太好。
With their enormous size and weight, today's farm machines have significant downsides: they compact the soil, reducing porosity and killing beneficial life, meaning crops don't grow so well.
土壤吸收水分的能力减弱使土壤逐渐变得干燥，导致植被进一步减少，从而建立了一个渐进的地表退化循环。
The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.
稀树草原的土壤与一些热带雨林的土壤有许多相似的特征，尽管会更极端。
In many characteristics, savanna soils are similar to those of some rain forests, though more extreme.
生物多样性和土壤多样性之间是有联系的，土壤和动植物之间的关系也非常明显，这就是为什么要在森林管理中考虑土壤多样性。
There's a link between biodiversity and pedodiversity, an obvious relationship between soils and flora and fauna, which is why pedodiversity really should be considered in forest management.
他们制造了一种可以用植物和土壤供电的灯，而在这个村庄所在的亚马逊雨林中，植物和土壤都很容易找到。
They made a lamp that can be powered by plants and soil, both of which can be easily found in the Amazonian rainforest where the village lies.
一旦扎根土壤，灌木林地就会生长茂盛，特别是在北极地区，因为北极地区的灌木丛比其他植物更善于利用土壤中的营养成分。
Once is established, shrubland thrives, particularly in the Arctic, because Arctic shrubs are good at taking advantage of increased nutrients in the soil, better than other Arctic plants.
如果你比较来自森林的土壤和不是来自森林的土壤，森林土壤的变化量很可能更大。
If you compare soils from a forest with soils that don't come from a forest, the amount of variability will most likely be greater in the forest's soil.
当我们分析某个地区内的土壤多样性时，我们是在测量土壤属性的可变性，以及在某个特定地区有多少不同的土壤类型。
When we analyze pedodiversity within an area, we are measuring how much variability there is in soil properties and how many different types of soil there are in a particular area.
总体而言，与传统农场相比，有机农场往往会存储更多的土壤碳，土壤更优质，并减少土壤侵蚀。
Overall, organic farms tend to store more soil carbon, have better soil quality, and reduce soil erosion compared to their conventional counterparts.
空气不能穿透土壤颗粒，这使得土壤中缺少氧气。
Air cannot penetrate between the soil particles, making the soil oxygen-poor.
雨水浸透的土壤比干燥的土壤含氧量少。
然而，它们的影响可能因气候因素而加剧，如干旱和严冬，或因土壤酸化等土壤不平衡而损害到根系。
However, their effects are probably accentuated by climatic factors, such as drought and hard winters, or soil imbalances such as soil acidification, which damages the roots.
我们可以把西部平原上覆盖的大片草地撕开，然后把有毒的化学物质倒入土壤中，直到土壤枯死，被风吹走。
We can tear apart the great grass cover of the western plains and pour toxic chemicals into the soil until the soil is dead and blows away in the wind.
湿地是指多沼泽的区域，软而湿的陆地，一年中的大部分时间有水覆盖着土壤、或是有水存在于土壤表面或接近土壤表面的地方。
Wetlands are areas of marshy, swampy land, areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil for a large part of the year.
一旦土壤被侵蚀，新的土壤只有经过几个世纪或几千年才能形成。
Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form.
想想看：叶子在腐烂时会产生热量，使土壤升温；反之，温暖的土壤又影响了微生物的生存条件。
Think about this, decomposing leaves create heat that warms the soil; the warm soil in turn affects the growth, the conditions of organisms there.
我们会观察土壤的化学性质——比如某个地方的土壤里有多少氮或者镁——然后与附近土壤的化学性质作比较。
We look at soil chemistry—for example, how much nitrogen or magnesium there is in the soil in one spot—and we compare it with the chemistry of the soil a short distance away.
更少的植被意味着土壤也无法保持水分；下雨时土壤就失去了保持水分的能力。
Less vegetation means the soil can't hold water as well; the soil loses its ability to retain water when it does rain.
一旦腐殖质层消失，养分就无法从土壤中回收和过滤，致使土壤由肥沃变为贫瘠，只适于热带草原植被的生长。
Once the humus layer disappears, nutrients cannot be recycled and leach from the soil, converting soil from fertile to infertile and making it suitable only for savanna vegetation.
即使在保留土壤覆盖的地区，植被的减少通常也会导致土壤丧失吸收大量水分的能力。
Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water.
一些稀树大草原生长在潮湿、涝渍的土壤上；其它则在干燥、多沙、排水良好的土壤上。
Some savannas occur on wet, waterlogged soils; others on dry, sandy, well-drained soils.
新的法律立即通过，达到了同样的结果，使土壤留下来和提供防洪措施，但这是基于土壤保护的原则。
New laws were passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and providing flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation.
土壤中对植物有用的矿物质元素必须先溶解在土壤溶液中，然后才能被根吸收。
The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.
像日本等许多地方，人们通过食用海鲜、海藻得到碘，以及从生长在高碘土壤里的蔬菜中获取碘，或者从吃那种土壤中生长的草的动物中获取碘。
In many places, like Japan, people get iodine from seafood, seaweed, and vegetables grown in iodine-rich soil or animals that eat grass grown in that soil.
然而，耕地被认为是对表层土壤造成严重损害的罪魁祸首，因为它清除了那些保护土壤不被吹走或冲走的植物。
However, plowing is blamed for causing severe damage to top soil by removing the plants that protect soil from being blown or washed away.
可能是冬季土壤中发生的生物过程，导致夏季灌木生长增加，原因如下：有“微生物”，即生活在土壤中的微生物。
It may be biological processes that occur in the soil in the winter, that cause increased shrub growth in the summer, and here's how: there are "microbes", microscopic organisms that live in the soil.
大多数雨林土壤都很贫瘠，因为它们缺乏矿物质，而且高温和强降雨会在到达森林地面后的4年内破坏土壤中的大部分有机物。
Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat and heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor.
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