因此，报纸是卖方垄断，本地电视则是买方垄断。
So newspapers were monopolies, and local TV stations were oligopolies.
但在买方垄断的市场上，存在着竞争结构与竞争行为的区别。
But on the market of monopsony, it is necessary to distinguish between the Competition Structure and the Competition Action on the seller's side.
文章探讨了劳动力市场买方垄断条件下最低工资对就业的影响。
This paper studies the employment effect of minimum wages in the monopsony labor market.
本文主要研究买方垄断(用户垄断)的存在、成因以及防范的措施。
The article mainly researches the existence, the cause of formation and preventing measures of buyer monopoly.
如果竞争压力在下降，垄断和独买(买方垄断)的格局要么会出现、要么会巩固。
If competitive pressure is falling, monopolistic and monopsonistic - sole-buyer - positions will either emerge or strengthen.
买方垄断所造成的低效率，对消费者转嫁的费用负担，至少是双层或者双层以上的。
Low efficiency brought about by buyer monopoly, and relevant costs transferred to consumer are at least double or more.
当需求确定时，买方垄断者采用部分一体化来减少成本支出，但此时存在生产的无效率；
When demand is certain, monopsonist will make partial-integration decision to reduce its cost, and there is some inefficiency in production from monopsony.
在现有市场垄断的研究中，主要侧重于卖方市场的垄断及其市场行为的影响，而对于买方垄断及其市场行为的研究显得较为薄弱。
The present research of market monopoly usually puts its emphasis on the effect of the monopoly of seller market, but it is weakly on the research of buyer monopoly and its behavior of market.
分析表明：当零售商仅具有买方垄断势力时，收取通道费会使零售商的利润增加，消费者剩余减少，对社会福利的影响取决于需求函数性质；
Analysis showed that:the case that the retailer both have the buyer and seller power, its welfare losses bigger than the case that only have the seller;
但是在单一买方对单一卖方的双边垄断的情况下，双方均会施展策略，可以用博弈论分析其中的行为。
However, in the case of bilateral monopoly with sole buyer and sole seller, both sides will use strategies, and their actions can be analyzed by game theory.
卖方寡头垄断与寡头垄断相似，指少数大型买方（非卖方）占市场的重要比重，促使价格下跌。
Oligopsony Similar to an oligopoly, but where a small number of large buyers (not sellers) control a large proportion of the market and drive prices down.
也称为“买方的双头垄断”。
与垄断相似，指一个主要买方占市场的重要比重，促使价格下跌。
Similar to a monopoly, but where a large buyer controls a large proportion of the market and drives the prices down.
三是给需求购买方带来的效益，并从研发风险、无形收益、无形损耗、垄断性等角度来设定参数。
The last is the benefit brought to purchaser, and the parameters are established from research and development risks, invisible income, nonphysical wear, monopoly, etc.
三是给需求购买方带来的效益，并从研发风险、无形收益、无形损耗、垄断性等角度来设定参数。
The last is the benefit brought to purchaser, and the parameters are established from research and development risks, invisible income, nonphysical wear, monopoly, etc.
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