The magma bubbles up through the crust, ultimately bursting to the surface and forming volcanic eruptions.
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Natural aerosols are produced by sea salt, desert dust, volcanic eruptions and smoke from forest fires.
More likely, craters on both the earth and the moon were the acne scars left by volcanic eruptions.
Flights over Scotland and Ireland were halted as carriers braced themselves for more disruption from volcanic eruptions in Iceland.
The country is prone to all sorts of disasters earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis.
But the American congressmen took fright when they were shown a one-cent Nicaraguan stamp that unwisely featured volcanic eruptions.
The effects of major volcanic eruptions such as Laki can also be felt elsewhere on the globe, often far from their actual location.
Mountain people are also particularly vulnerable to other natural hazards, such as volcanic eruptions, avalanches, floods and earthquakes, even without the risk from GLOFs.
With all the Grosse Fuge's extremes its volcanic eruptions and its startling calm the Borromeos are bent on getting us to feel the unbridled joy in the music.
If this were so, it is possible that, instead of Venus experiencing regular volcanic eruptions that release the pressure within the planet, it has no geological activity between its catastrophic outbreaks.
Large volcanic eruptions spread cooling palls through the stratosphere.
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For Montserrat, a tiny British island in the Caribbean, not even a devastating hurricane and multiple volcanic eruptions have proved enough to win unconditional assistance from its imperial rulers in Whitehall.
"The Greeks were familiar with volcanic eruptions, " he notes.
Last week, a different research group unveiled new findings on the impact of volcanic eruptions, which pump vast amounts of particles into the air, some rising as far as the stratosphere.
Up until then, the 700 square mile island had been sitting in splendid sunlit isolation for about 10 million years, since it first emerged from the Indian Ocean in a series of volcanic eruptions.
Such concentrations are usually created by geological events, such as volcanic eruptions and tectonic plate shifts that steer hot metal-bearing fluids into upper, accessible parts of the Earth's crust, erosion, or massive sedimentary movements.
However the paper concluded that, "in the absence of volcanic eruptions, global temperature is predicted to continue to rise, with each year from 2013 onwards having a 50 % chance of exceeding the current observed record".
Forty million years ago, when the earth was warmer because there was more carbon dioxide in the air as a result of volcanic eruptions, the oceans are thought to have been 70 meters (or 229 feet) higher.
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Other techniques aim to enhance marine cloud reflectivity by introducing sea salt aerosols in low clouds, mimic the effects of volcanic eruptions by injecting sulphate aerosols into the lower stratosphere, or place shields or deflectors in space to reduce the amount of incoming solar radiation.
Overleaf, we follow the fortunes of Homo sapiens sapiens around the Black and Mediterranean Seas through 30 000 years of a tumultuous history marked by sporadic earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions, as well as more insidious hazards tied to a changing climate, such as flooding from glacier melt, gradual sea-level rise or prolonged drought.
Injecting sulphate particles into the stratosphere, for instance, would cool the Earth by reflecting more sunlight into space. (Nature has already shown that this concept can work, since volcanic eruptions that send sulphur-rich plumes into the stratosphere can temporarily alter the world's climate.) However, Dr Lenton notes that the method becomes less effective as the atmosphere becomes more saturated with particles.
The airlines want Europe to adopt a system for dealing with volcanic-ash eruptions similar to that in America, where the Federal Aviation Authority gives carriers information and data but lets them make their own risk assessments.
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