Their managers wield considerable power, because they can use proxy votes at their own discretion.
ECONOMIST: The SEC pulls its punches on corporate-governance rules
But unlike Global Insight, they use a proxy for the first variable that is not itself affected by the second.
Was this because they were ignoring ROI or were just having trouble tracking it so were forced to use a proxy for success?
Nevermind that white applicants had almost double the number of citations for previous work, an indicator many reviewers use as a proxy for research quality.
According to the Swiss security researcher who runs Abuse.ch, the use of free proxy services like Glype, Tor, and others have an option which allows administrators to log the traffic flowing through their proxy server on the Glype network.
To determine CO2 levels before the introduction of modern stations, scientists must use so-called proxy measurements.
One basic proxy we use for investor sentiment is the percentage of NYSE stocks selling above their 30-week moving average.
Though the new system likely wouldn't allow Twitter back into China, initial reaction was negative among those who use it there through proxy services.
Oil and drug companies, among others, use it as a proxy through which to pursue their less popular causes anonymously, avoiding the pillorying they might incur if they spoke up directly.
In other words, we expect that students do have an incentive to minimize their costs (unless the subsidy program is set up in such a way to negate that incentive), though the fact that students use price as a proxy measure for quality in higher ed likely significantly dampens this effect.
And its unemployment and employment statistics have not fared too badly by UK standards, whereas the CEBR analysis chooses to use only GDP as a proxy for living standards.
The obvious way out would be to use the DTP as a proxy, rather as Britain used Sinn Fein to deal with the IRA. The trouble is that the notoriously egocentric Mr Ocalan cannot bear to remain out of the limelight.
In other words, while there was nothing wrong with the statistics Ball produced on the narrow question of crimes-reported-under-specific-officers, there was a great deal wrong with the urge to use that question as a proxy for human rights atrocities in El Salvador throughout the conflict.
FORBES: Patrick Ball on the Perils of Misusing Human Rights Data
To use a billiards analogy, investing in banks as a proxy for anticipated economic growth in a country is like a bank shot whereby a ball is driven into a cushion before it is pocketed.
Under international law, countries including the United States that use race, color, ethnicity, religion or nationality as a proxy for criminal suspicion are in violation of international standards against racial discrimination and multiple treaties to which the U.S. is a party.
In other words, the problem is not the emphasis on shareholder value, but the use of short-term increases in a firm's share price as a proxy for it.
The truly paranoid may elect to use the 2.4 kernels' Netfilter4 facility (adding stateful packet filtering) or a commercial application-level proxy gateway.
Grundfest thinks that in the near future, individual directors will face more scrutiny from the press, and shareholders will use their voting power to influence corporate governance rather than shell out millions of dollars to litigate or wage proxy campaigns.
FORBES: Corporate Governance Gets Personal: The Mess At Massey Energy
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