"There is no awareness about the need for filtration among most Indians, with a mere 6% of urban households and 1% of rural households using water purifiers, " said Ashvini Hiran, chief operating officer at Tata Chemicals.

WSJ: Tata Markets Inexpensive Water Filter

The per capita income gap between the top 10% of urban households and bottom 10% of rural households is adjusted from 23x based on the official data to 65x.

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The survey showed that urban households spend twice as much as rural households, and that households in Maputo spend five times as much as households in the poorest province, Zambezia, in the centre of the country.

BBC: Mozambique: From Marxism to market

So will the latest food security scheme aimed at providing subsidised food grains to 75% of the rural population and half of the urban households work?

BBC: India food law: The hungry republic

Rural households spend 57% and urban homes 44% on food.

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In general, poor children living in rural areas are more likely than urban children from rich households to repeat grades and leave school before completing primary education and attaining basic foundational skills.

UNESCO: EDUCATION