In fact, Michael Wara of Stanford University calculates that the credits from cleaning up refrigerant production are twice as valuable as the refrigerants themselves.
David Kennedy, a Pulitzer Prize-winning historian who has taught at Stanford for more than forty years, credits the university with helping needy students and spawning talent in engineering and business, but he worries that many students uncritically incorporate the excesses of Silicon Valley, and that there are not nearly enough students devoted to the liberal arts and to the idea of pure learning.
Also on the drawing board: tax credits and incubators for university students who pursue a business idea inside the city.
"The pull factors stimulating emigration to the U.S. have changed, " said Tony Payan, a visiting scholar at Rice University in Houston, who also credits improved border security for reducing emigration.
Russell Dalton, a political science professor at the University of California, Irvine, credits distrust in government with the substantial percentage of Generation Y citizens who would rather spend hours creating a viral campaign video than cast a ballot.
Mr. Saied left the University of Tennessee in 1996, several credits shy of graduating.
It was funded by Duke University, Duke Energy and Google the university and Google will get carbon offset credits from the system and was made from off-the-shelf parts and freely available designs.
The University of Texas says it could offer degree credits through the online platform, with a tuition fee attached.
Ms. Baer, who graduated from Syracuse University in December 2010, had transferred from Northeastern University and lost a year's worth of credits.
But in the meantime, there is evidence that factories are ramping up production of HFC-22 in order to boost emissions of HFC-23, so that they can make windfall profits from cutting back on HFC-23 later and selling the emission-reduction credits, says Michael Wara of Stanford University.
University of Wisconsin will grant bachelor's degrees based on a person's knowledge as demonstrated in online tests, not on class time or credits, the first such offering from a public university system.
It is hoped those who participate will gain good enough A-level grades to get into the university as undergraduates but, crucially, they are also given extra credits if they complete the summer school courses.
Silber of BMO Capital Markets says that for-profit schools have been responding to the scrutiny with some changes, like the free three-week orientation University of Phoenix started offering this year, to applicants who have fewer than 24 college credits.
Diego Cardoso dos Santos, 21, credits Canto and his judo training for earning him a scholarship to attend a private university and for helping his 11-year-old brother, Joao Victor, heal.
Elsewhere, some schools offer competency-based credits or associate degrees in areas such as nursing and business, while Northern Arizona University plans a similar program that would offer bachelor's degrees for a flat fee, said spokesman Eric Dieterle.
Cornell University economists Richard Burkhauser, Sean Lyons, and Kosali Simon (Indiana University) wrote for the Employment Policies Institute on another method by which employers and employees can leverage health insurance tax credits to their advantage.
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