Chemically altered antibiotics are typically thrown at the disease in a sort of trial-and-error process to see what works.

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Likely this is not just a one-time, start-to-finish exercise, but an iterative process of trial and error.

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This uses a process of randomisation and trial-and-error (akin to mutation and selection in biological evolution) to search the vast number of possible microstructures to find the most suitable design for each subsection.

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Researchers have already become much better at understanding how the structure of new nano-engineered materials will behave, although the process remains largely one of trial and error because different samples have to be repeatedly manufactured and tested.

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