In a report written three years ago, researchers at the Criminology Institute at Malaga University said something was wrong.
The reasons Washington has gotten less violent: Gentrification, tax breaks, and urban reforms, according to John Roman, a senior fellow at the Urban Institute who also teaches criminology at the University of Pennsylvania.
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Dr Fiona Brookman, a reader in criminology at the University of Glamorgan and deputy director of its Centre for Criminology , told BBC Wales less than 0.5% of recorded murders in the UK were contract killings, according to the available evidence.
In the crucial area of corporate transparency, says Michael Levi, professor of criminology at the University of Cardiff, Jersey and Guernsey have tighter controls than Britain, where it is possible to conceal the identity of the beneficial owner of a company.
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Dr. Raine is the Richard Perry University Professor of Criminology, Psychiatry and Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania and the author of "The Anatomy of Violence: The Biological Roots of Crime, " to be published Tuesday by Pantheon, a division of Random House.
Before his promotion to deputy chief constable in 2001, he gained a masters degree in criminology from the University of Cambridge.
Marion Fitzgerald, visiting professor of criminology at the University of Kent, told BBC Radio 4's Today programme that when new police and crime commissioners were elected from next year, the demand for resources would be "very much skewed" towards areas where crime or anti-social behaviour was shown on the maps to be prevalent.
He is in the third year of a criminology course and wants to become a law-enforcement officer.
Employing public signage in the pursuit of suspects is probably about as old as criminology itself, so it's no surprise to see the FBI leveraging the latest technology to erect some of the largest, most versatile wanted posters in history.
Laura Dugan, an associate professor of criminology and criminal justice at the University of Maryland, says public officials often claim their initiatives reduce crime, but without sufficient evidence for their assertions.
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"If you can hit the house owners hard in the pocket every time, they are much more vigilant about who is renting from them, " says Darryl Plecas, Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University College of the Fraser Valley.
The other is more drastic, borrowing from criminology and technology.
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Mr Griffiths, who was studying criminology at Bradford University, appeared at the city's crown court on 28 May accused of murdering Ms Blamires, 36, Ms Rushworth, 43, and Ms Armitage, 31.
It is a view shared by criminology professor David Wilson, who has studied the work of Muslim religious leaders in the prison system.
Jack Levin, a criminology professor at Northeastern University in Boston, acknowledges the success of policing strategies, but notes that an ageing society like the United States should expect to experience less violent crime.
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Samuel Walker, a University of Nebraska criminology professor and expert in police policy working pro bono for the plaintiffs, proposed a database where information on an officer complaints, days on patrol, stop and frisks, and arrests made would be collected and analyzed to catch potential problem officers.
Jack Levin, a professor of sociology and criminology at Northeastern University in Boston, pointed to several factors behind the strength of white supremacist groups, including a flagging economy and the election of the country's first black president.
But background checks would not have stopped most school shootings, in which the gunmen took legally obtained weapons from parents with spotless backgrounds, says Jack Levin, a professor of sociology and criminology at Northeastern University in Boston.
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