The essentials of the model, that system dynamics, in reacting to small changes in demand, have a huge detrimental impact on capacity levels, were introduced by Jay Forrester at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the 1960s.

ECONOMIST: Pakistan's problems

But in constructing the first atmospheric model that has the orbital dynamics of a star-planet-moon system fully included, astronomers Duncan Forgan, at the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh, and David Kipping, at the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, turn that idea on its head.

FORBES: Earth-Like Exo-Moons Can Lurk Well Beyond Planetary Habitable Zones, Say Astronomers