In this particular instance, a 1995 law designed to protect securities firms from abusive investor lawsuits says that before the (often expensive) fact-finding period of a case begins, plaintiffs must show a "strong inference" that a company intended to engage in fraud.

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To qualify as "strong, " an inference that a company deliberately behaved deceptively "must be more than merely plausible or reasonable--it must be cogent and compelling, " wrote Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg in the majority opinion.

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