Instrumental variable analysis attempts to do just that, standing in contrast to the standard approach used in clinical studies.
Studies show that at standard, long term, market investment returns, for an average income, two earner couple, over a career the accounts would accumulate to close to a million dollars or more.
In a statement to the BBC, Exxon Mobil said that before drilling offshore "it is standard industry practice to conduct extensive studies at and below the seabed" to check for hazards, using tools including remote sonar and a magnetometer.
These are the gold standard randomized control trials or intervention studies, in which a control group consuming soda is monitored for weight gain over time against a group which stops drinking soda (and all other dietary and lifestyle factors are controlled for).
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Studies showed that the sub-standard silicone used posed no serious long-term threats to health, but the PIP products were up to twice as likely to burst as other implants.
And until there are larger studies with antibotics, the group says children with Pandas should get standard care for OCD and tics, typically antidepressants and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
The studies diagnosed patients with active lupus and randomized them to receive Benlysta plus standard therapy, or an inactive infused solution (placebo) plus standard therapy.
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Under Hanley's prodding, experts experimented with variations on the standard 28-day treatment regime, and they pooled resources on everything from scientific studies to equipment purchasing.
Twenty-one of the studies included in the review were randomized controlled trials, which are considered the gold standard for scientific research.
In initial studies, the combo delayed breast cancer's spread for 17 months versus 7 months with the standard regimen of Herceptin and Taxol.
Because of the indirect mechanism of its toxicity and its specificity for human cells, the contaminant had been undetectable in both the standard, sophisticated screening tests that are supposed to assure a drug's purity and quality, and in studies in animals.
The agency's complaint says that some of POM's studies did not show heart disease benefits and that the prostate cancer study wasn't conducted in a standard, scientifically rigorous manner.
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