Lapatinib is a product of the growing field of molecular medicine the design of drugs to attack specific protein molecules associated with particular diseases.
An active gene produces a specific protein, but when the body has enough of that protein, the gene releases an inhibitor to stop production.
This makes sense: biologics are notoriously tricky to manufacture, and both their safety and efficacy depends not only on the specific protein sequence of the molecule, but on the highly specific culture conditions used to manufacture it.
Transcriptors substitute DNA for semiconductors and RNA for the electrons in traditional transistors -- essentially, the transcriptor controls the flow of a specific RNA protein along a DNA strand using tailored combinations of enzymes.
In order to operate, our cells constantly switch protein production on and off through specific gene functions.
The Biosensor works by incorporating antibodies to the specific chemical (drug, hormone, viral protein or pesticide, for example) that it has been designed to detect.
The gene produces a molecular sensor on the T cell that is designed to latch on to a telltale protein on the surface of that specific type of cancer.
The retinal nerve fiber layer is the one part of the brain where nerve cells are not covered with the fat and protein sheathing called myelin, making this assessment specific for nerve damage as opposed to brain MRI changes, which reflect an array of different types of tissue processes in the brain.
To be specific, Merck (MRK) will test a beta-amyloid precursor protein site-cleaving enzyme, or BACE, inhibitor, which the drugmaker notes is the first drug with this type of mechanism to advance to this stage of clinical research.
Once injected, the protein-nicotine combo triggers the immune system to create nicotine-specific antibodies.
By stringing together thousands of these so-called droplets (which measure about 50 microns across) using a custom-built 3D printer, the Oxford team believes it has engineered a "new type of material" that could eventually be used to ferry drugs throughout our internal systems to a specific target site, fill-in for damaged tissues or even mimic neural pathways via specially printed protein pores.
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