The main effect of these shareholdings now is to cushion poor managers from market pressure.
General Douglas MacArthur disbanded the zaibatsu shortly after the war, but Mitsubishi regrouped via cross- shareholdings.
Instead, it has set up UK Financial Investments, to run its shareholdings at arm's length.
As a way of fixing underfunded pension schemes, firms can transfer their cross-shareholdings to pension-fund trustees.
Companies are tied to one another in intricate networks of cross-shareholdings and shareholder pacts.
SASAC, a holding company for the state's shareholdings, is worrying about their future profitability.
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To compile this list, we looked at shareholdings in publicly traded companies as well as in private company filings.
Falling equity prices make cross-shareholdings less attractive: in general, they are being sold albeit slowly.
But the Vatican may wield influence through complex cross-shareholdings and informal arrangements, although it denies this.
When they were bailed out by the government, the banks agreed to sell some cross-shareholdings.
The result may be an informal arrangement in which friendly shareholdings are frozen in trusts.
Now it is shedding large shareholdings in such industries as computers, furniture and food.
Foreign investors are likely to buy many of the industrial shareholdings that the insurers sell.
After weeks of digging, we finally got a well-placed source to confirm their exact shareholdings in Facebook.
With docile domestic investors and a network of friendly cross-shareholdings, there was little outside pressure to restructure.
Paribas comprises four: investment banking, shareholdings in other companies, asset management and a retail-lending outfit called Cetelem.
Companies have unwound most of the cross-shareholdings that sheltered them from the discipline of the capital markets.
One in two households owns some shares but 80% of shareowners account for only 4.1% of total shareholdings.
One reform above others would help: to unravel the spider's web of corporate shareholdings that institutionalises the sprawl.
Even these smaller shareholdings are unwelcome, says the cartel office, but that is the best it can do.
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Prosecutors believe that central participants in both bid battles secretly helped each other to build up their shareholdings.
Income- and corporation-tax rates have been cut, and capital-gains tax on sales of corporate cross-shareholdings has been abolished.
Firms have traditionally been protected by their relationship with their bank and by cross-shareholdings held by friendly companies.
For example, large family shareholdings in BMW and Michelin make hostile takeovers impossible.
Cross-shareholdings are gradually being unwound, although on some measures they still account for just under half of all shareholdings.
As cross-shareholdings are unwound, companies will no longer be able to count on unquestioning support from chummy corporate shareholders.
Yet, with Allianz getting less sentimental about its shareholdings, that is no longer a comforting thought for Mr Walter.
In 2004, cross-shareholdings accounted for merely 24% of shares whereas foreign ownership had risen to 22% of the total.
It would enable the Suhartos gradually to dilute their shareholdings and allow their businesses to survive without their patrons.
No doubt the old guard will push for lax rules on cross-shareholdings and notifications of large purchases of stock.
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