For instance, Thailand's thriving shadow economy largely consists of crime: gambling, narcotics and the sex industry.
The size of the shadow economy depends on the incentives to cheat as well as the opportunities.
It is true that illegal immigrants are often trapped in a semi-criminalised shadow economy, unable to move up or out.
Small and mid-size enterprises in India are adept at playing in the shadow economy and making even big ticket investments in cash.
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Socialism is an economic system that requires a shadow economy to operate.
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Many who thrived as spivs in the shadow economy under communism are still operating nothing more than a chain of kiosks now.
The spreading shadow economy also reflects the changing structure of modern enterprise.
Currently, transactions within the shadow economy have to be made face to face, but an electronic System D currency would enable remote and even cross-border transactions.
"Many people did not want to get involved with the state and so worked in the shadow economy and derived their living from that, " he said.
Now, there will be three different mega-places for income and wealth generation the traditional taxable economy, the informal shadow economy, and the virtual world economy.
Often they do that in a shadow economy -- a place where employers may offer them less than the minimum wage or make them work overtime without extra pay.
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He assumes that the black economy works largely on cash to dodge the taxman or the policeman, and so a bigger shadow economy means a greater demand for banknotes.
The Greek shadow economy, which is made up of unreported income, was 25.1% of gross domestic product in 2007, according to Friedrich Schneider, a professor at Johannes Kepler University in Linz, Austria.
We have to bring this shadow economy into the light so that everybody is held accountable -- businesses for who they hire, and immigrants for getting on the right side of the law.
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In emerging economies, the shadow economy is driven not so much by the incentive to evade taxes, which tend to be lower than in rich economies, as by a desire to evade the law.
So, when Greece's current deficit is running at just over 13% of its GDP it's easy to see that if 30% tax was collected on the 30% shadow economy, then the deficit would fall to about 4% of GDP overnight --very close to the target, which is 3%.
Court rulings against investors or reformers have cast a shadow on the economy.
It's been estimated that the so-called shadow or black economy in Greece represents at least 30% of gross domestic product.
It helps include people previously in the shadow of the informal economy and increases government earnings that can fund social and economic development.
His once forward-moving economy is a shadow of its former self.
As elsewhere, though, the economy throws a shadow over all this.
Its economy is dominated by shadow business empires and its power is protected by a shadow army of enforcers.
The shadow chancellor said Britain's economy faced a "global growth crisis" which was becoming "more dangerous by the day".
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Some will wonder why a shadow cabinet member needs a PPS but with the economy likely to be the key battleground at the next election there will be some interesting times ahead for Wales's newest MP.
These go through various possible scenarios for fiscal policy, exploring whether, in effect, the shadow chancellor Ed Balls is right to say that the economy would be better off tightening more slowly - ie whether we would get more growth, overall, if we saved some of the cuts for later.
The one subject on which the party, and especially Vince Cable, its shadow chancellor, have sometimes been able to assert themselves is the economy deservedly, since their position has often been more grown-up than Labour's or the Tories'.
Labour's Shadow Secretary of State, Vernon Coaker, said Northern Ireland's economy "needs a Plan B".
While the shadow inventory and a clogged up foreclosure pipeline present challenges, if the economy improves to the point where the labor market begins to seriously recover, it should be possible to overcome those obstacles in the medium-term.
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The price rise will also bring into sharp focus the argument between the chancellor and shadow chancellor, about whether the government ought to be doing more to stimulate the economy.
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