So is that of Arctic herders, such as the Sami of Russia and Scandinavia, whose reindeer populations are crashing as the tundra thaws.

ECONOMIST: One man and his dogs | The

According to a recent report by the United Nations Environment Programme, reducing black carbon and ozone in the lower part of the atmosphere, especially in the Arctic countries of America, Canada, Russia and Scandinavia, could cut warming in the Arctic by two-thirds over the next three decades.

ECONOMIST: Climate change in the Arctic

The Baltic states' geography, which sandwiches them between rich Scandinavia and unpredictable Russia, makes them matter more than their population of 7.4m warrants.

ECONOMIST: Charlemagne

As Africa is slowly becoming a desert, all the other cold parts of the world like Russia, Scandinavia, Alaska, Greenland and Antarctica are becoming warmer and will become friendlier places to live in and there will be more vegetation.

FORBES: Global Warming And Africa's Future

Vikings were seafarers from Scandinavia who used their longboats to explore and conquer parts of Europe, Greenland, Iceland, Russia and North America.

BBC: 'Viking sunstone' found in shipwreck