Given the losses they have already suffered through the pound's fall, will they step up their purchases, especially as the growth rate of global foreign-exchange reserves is slowing?
Holders of precious metals or other major tradable (fungible) assets worldwide need to monitor the foreign exchange rate of the currency in which their asset is held.
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Even America, with least to worry about in this respect (because of the size of its economy), has a policy of sorts on the dollar's value including attempting to push the rate around by means of foreign-exchange intervention.
Prior to her dismissal, Ms Dastjerdi said that because of the rise in the foreign exchange rate, there would be an inevitable increase in the price of medicine.
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In developing countries with immature financial markets, a freely floating exchange rate may not be sensible because a small number of foreign-exchange trades can cause big swings in currencies.
Some economists are expecting wider fluctuation of the exchange rate due to uncertain foreign capital flow.
Under a currency board arrangement, the central bank guarantees the redemption of all notes in circulation at a set exchange rate to the dollar or another foreign currency or basket of currencies.
It seems the Ministry of Finance has ceded foreign exchange rate policy back to the Central Bank where it belongs. the bank has, for now, won the policy argument that further weakening of the real will be inflationary and lead to a stronger real exchange rate, says Tony Volpon, managing director at Nomura Securities in New York.
The paradox is that part of the euro's purpose is to re-empower the European electorate by equipping the EU with a currency strong enough to challenge the rule of the tiny group of foreign-exchange dealers who, in a floating exchange-rate regime, can settle the fate of national economic policies.
And in some cases a bank decides on its own to hold on to a transfer in the hope of getting a better foreign-exchange rate for the customer the following day, or in order to batch it with other transfers and so lower its costs.
But as an alternative, Mr Smithers points out, it can still target the exchange rate the foreign price of money.
If a central bank buys foreign currency to hold down the exchange rate of the domestic currency, it creates more domestic money.
Serious economic dislocations are emerging due to a 30-percent rate of inflation, a nationwide cash squeeze, shortages in foreign exchange and raw materials (particularly coal), and massive corruption.
On a constant-exchange-rate basis excluding the effect of translating foreign-currency-denominated sales into U.S. dollars, worldwide net sales rose 6 percent and same store sales increased 4 percent.
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On a constant-exchange-rate basis that excludes the effect of translating foreign-currency-denominated sales into U.S. dollars, worldwide net sales rose 5 percent, for the period ended Jan. 31, due to growth in all regions and comparable store sales equaled the prior year.
On a constant-exchange-rate basis, which excludes the effect of translating foreign-currency-denominated sales into U.S. dollars, worldwide net sales and comparable store sales increased 16 percent and 15 percent, respectively, the New York-based luxury jewelry retailer said.
When, after a few days, it allowed foreign-exchange dealings to resume, it insisted on a rate of 180 kyat to the dollar.
FXMarketSpace, is a centrally-cleared OTC foreign exchange trading platform which Reuters says takes advantage of the 16% annual growth rate of the forex trading market.
If, as a result of capital inflows, there is an excess supply of foreign currency, the central bank must buy it and sell yuan to keep the exchange rate stable.
The governor of the central bank enthuses about unifying the exchange rate, but declines to say what the country's foreign reserves are.
Most of the risk in Brazil stems from political interference in the economy through a myriad of surprise macro measures such as taxation on investment, to monetary policy related to the foreign exchange rate.
Our results are inherently unpredictable and may be materially affected by many factors, such as fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, changes in global economic conditions and consumer spending, world events, the rate of growth of the Internet and online commerce and the various factors detailed below.
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The trade surplus leads to large inflows of foreign currency, which is bought up by the central bank in order to hold down the exchange rate.
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