In August 1998, one of these bursts was so intense that it measurably heated the Earth's outer atmosphere a first for a celestial storm.

ECONOMIST: Pulsars

During an eclipse scientist are able to measure the effect of the sun on the Earth's atmosphere and observe the violent magnetic storms in outer atmosphere of the sun - the corona.

BBC: 11 August

During his 32nd solar eclipse observation, the Harvard-trained astronomer is to study the elusive coronal ring, the outer atmosphere of the sun, which can only be seen when the moon blots out the solar disk.

CNN: Africa awaits total eclipse of the sun

In addition to viewing the sun's luminous outer atmosphere (corona), which under normal circumstances is lost in the glare of the rays, they will be using the eclipse to calculate the star's current diameter, which changes as the sun expends energy.

CNN: HE GODS WERE DRINKING

Orbital flights, which must propel vehicles past the atmosphere into outer space, require a particularly large amount of it.

FORBES

The signs Curiosity has found so far suggest that part of the Martian atmosphere was eventually lost to outer space.

FORBES: Curiosity Sniffs The Martian Atmosphere But Finds No Sign Of Life

Theory predicts that when cosmic rays (fast particles coming from outer space) collide with air molecules in the upper atmosphere, they should yield twice as many muon neutrinos as electron neutrinos.

ECONOMIST: Neutrinos