Much of the avoided energy consumption will come from the switch to carbon-neutral district heating (rural households will switch from oil, natural gas, and electric heating to heat pumps and biomass burners).
In 1990 Goodfellow and colleague Robert Lovell-Badge discovered the genetic "switch" that decides whether a fetus' gender-neutral gonad develops into a female ovary or male testes.
Even if by some miracle a carbon tax starts out revenue neutral, this almost certainly would be the setup for a bait-and-switch in which future Congresses keep or increase the carbon tax and decrease or rescind cuts in other taxes.
While Villarreal recognizes that the onus is on individuals to make the switch from spending to saving, she uses her findings to call for tax neutral policies on savings.
"Many voters find it tough to immediately switch allegiances to a candidate that they once opposed, so they find a 'neutral' setting more comfortable for awhile, " said Keating Holland, CNN polling director.