Nearly a century after they first appeared, they are still powered by igniting a mixture of fuel and air.
The engines increase airflow, creating a more complete burning of the air-fuel mixture--and a more powerful vehicle.
But it turns out that pilots can run the engine better by adding some air and subtracting some gas in the fuel mixture.
This is possible because with the lasers, the location of the ignition can be in the center of the air-fuel mixture, rather than just the portion closest to it.
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Boeing's Doug Webb also told the newspaper that there are "vast differences" between the two crashes: The Madrid crash occurred during a severe thunderstorm, while Flight 800 exploded on a clear night, and the two planes used a different fuel mixture.
This mixture dissolves readily in diesel fuel and binds water to it without any need for stirring.
Get the fuel-air mixture a few knob twists wrong from the LOP side, and you can blow up your engine.
Both of a diesel's big advantages on the ground its efficiency and its torque (pulling power) are the result of its high compression of the fuel-air mixture in its cylinders.
That mixture is then fed into a fuel reformer that turns it into a hydrogen-rich gas.
The resulting mixture has properties similar to conventional fuel oil.
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The twist that Codexis brings is that unlike petrol, of which each batch from the refinery is chemically different from the others (because the crude oil from which it is derived is an arbitrary mixture of hydrocarbon molecules), biopetrol could be turned out exactly the same, again and again, and thus designed to have the optimal mixture of properties required of a motor fuel.
These include heat from the partial combustion, a gaseous mixture called syngas that can be burned as fuel, and a heavy oil.
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That would mean a mixture of renewables, nuclear, and fossil fuel power stations that capture and store the carbon dioxide they produce.
These so-called flex-fuel vehicles can burn either gasoline or ethanol or almost any mixture of the two.
Most Brazilian cars can run on a mixture of ethanol and petrol, thanks in part to the flex-fuel engine, developed in the country.
Previous attempts to mix water and diesel fuel this way have resulted in emulsions that still separate, albeit more slowly than a surfactant-free mixture would.
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