An effective natural-resource fund requires a government that can resist both economic populism and kleptocracy.
Kleptocracy--in which politically connected elites routinely line their pockets at the expense of everyone else--is rampant.
His harsh criticism of the post-Soviet kleptocracy sprang from a passion to see that greatness realized.
The next president must break a kleptocracy that is undermining ordinary Macedonians' faith in their state.
Or, if we could ever get beyond the Kim kleptocracy, insular North Korea?
The administration Mrs Zia headed from 2001 to 2006 was a brutal kleptocracy.
Mr. Hanke's central thesis is that Africa lacks private property rights, is awash with kleptocracy and hence lacks investment opportunities.
For decades the companies have operated in a kleptocracy in which officials and employees, from top to bottom, have survived by bribery and theft.
On the other, it is now even less likely that the next government will break from the cronyism even kleptocracy that has come to characterise government in this vast country.
Cronyism and kleptocracy are waning in many countries, and midsize companies are starting to realize that they can sell to a strategic buyer for a better price with cleaner books.
In a chameleon-like change of face, the ruling elite that nurtured the kleptocracy, the waste of the state, irrationality and impunity have become the torchbearers of austerity, but only in regard to those beneath them.
The Clinton administration set the stage for Vladimir Putin's KGB state by squandering the US's massive influence over post-Soviet Russia and allowing Boris Yeltsin and his cronies to transform the country into an impoverished kleptocracy.
For example, while there are countless stories of Russian business owners (from dentists to factory owners to billionaire oligarchs like Mikhail Khodorkovsky) being shaken down and imprisoned by what some call an official kleptocracy , none of the countless entrepreneurs with whom I talked reported any interference from the regime in their start-ups.
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