Its main successes, according to Mr Bade, were to establish that Muslims see no contradiction between their faith and Germany's constitution, and to agree in principle to teach Islam in state schools, as Judaism and Christianity already are.

ECONOMIST: Germany scandalously underuses immigrants and women

Judaism, Christianity and Islam are, by contrast, in his view, Baroque monarchies.

ECONOMIST: Religion and science

Political Islam prescribes a set of specific social, economic and legal practices in a way that is very different from the more general social teachings (such as calls to practice charity or strive for justice) found in the spiritual dimension of Islam, Christianity, Judaism and other world religions.

WSJ: Why the U.S. Needs a New Loyalty Oath