He spent hundreds of millions more on product development, joint ventures and computer systems.
But production, mainly by two South African outfits in joint ventures with the Zimbabwean government, continued.
Technology for the new Chinese aircraft industry is being obtained through the use of joint ventures.
Joint ventures also allow Branson to trade the Virgin name as if it were rare currency.
Cummins is the largest foreign investor in China's diesel-engine industry, with seven joint ventures.
Volkswagen has two passenger vehicle-making joint ventures in China: one with Shanghai-based SAIC Motor Corp.
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They are licence holders through joint ventures in 13 countries, with a total population of 411m.
Service has been launched only in Japan, Australia and Hong Kong through joint ventures.
With Ticketmaster, CIE has joint ventures for Mexico and the rest of Latin America.
To help off-load the risk, Scheetz is forming joint ventures on all of the new projects.
Castro has entered into dozens of joint ventures with Canadian and European hotel groups.
Banks have a similar aversion to joint ventures, and in China have an extra reason.
That has led to a scramble as more Western banks set up securities joint ventures.
Western joint ventures with the USSR have the potential vastly to increase these costs.
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AIG are obliged to set up joint ventures with domestic partners whose main business is not insurance.
Many joint ventures that seemed so alluring in China have proved unsatisfactory in practice.
Similar joint ventures may be ordered to explore the untapped reserves of Eastern Siberia.
Others may find their subsidiaries or joint ventures in emerging markets pitted against state-backed favourites.
Grameen Danone Foods, a yogurt-maker, and Grameen-Veolia, a water company, are joint ventures with French giants.
Perhaps the joint ventures will be with a major Chinese or Indian chemical or fertilizer manufacturer.
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Next come the joint ventures between private (often foreign) companies and Chinese state-backed entities.
Zimbabwe's army has recently formed joint ventures with Chinese partners in farming and mining.
Arcelor and Severstal know each other well after launching some joint ventures in Russia.
There are certainly reports of large companies forming joint ventures with the families of powerful Chinese officials.
By early April 170 employees had signed up to work with one of the two joint ventures.
It has about 100 joint ventures, with half in China and the rest abroad, mainly in Asia.
Production has now spread to Russia, Morocco, Colombia and Brazil, and to Indian and Iranian joint ventures.
Gorbachev's decree authorizing KGB search and seizure on the premises of Soviet joint ventures involving Western companies.
But now the talk has moved to a different sort of consolidation, based on specific joint ventures.
Other businesses, such as one making reconnaissance cameras for military aircraft, have been put into joint ventures.
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